DOUGLAS. 411 DOUGLAS. book of the JEncid is pretixcd a description of tk-ottish >ieiieiy. and tin- translation, tinislied in 1513, is the lirst couiplote rendering; of a King Latin classic into English. In his original poems Douglas carried on the tradition of Chancer. His allegories are licautiful. and lii- landscapes sur- pass any others in our early poetry. His llorfcs, edited, "with a memoir, hy Small, were published in four volumes (Edinburgh, 1874), DOUGLAS, (iEORGE. The temporary keeper of Lochlcven t.istic, in Scott's Abbot. He falls in love with Mary, Queen of Scots, helps her to escape, and is killed in the battle of Langside. DOUGLAS, Sir Howakd, Bart. (1770-1801). An English general and author of imporlanl military and naval treatises, born at Gosport. After serving in Spain and Tortugal, he was appointed Governor of Xew Brunswick, 1823-29, and Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Isl- ands. 1835-40, and elected member of Parliament for Liverpool, 1842-47. He was made general in the army in 1851, and colonel of the Fifteenth Infantry Regiment. He died at Tunbridge Wells. His best-known work is Milifary Bridges and the Passage of Rivers (London, 1810), an essay which, it is claimed, suggested the sus- pension bridge. His treatise on yaral Gunnery was regarded as authoritative in several coun- tries. DOUGLAS, John- (1721-1807). An English author and divine, the son of a shopkeeper at Pittenweem, Fifeshire, Scotland, educated at Dun- bar and Oxford, and ordained deacon in 1744. As an army chaplain he was present at the battle of Fonteiioy (1745). Two years later he was ordained priest. Preferment after preferment followed until, in 1791, he became Bishop of Salisbury. He died jMay 18, 1807. Douglas only occasionally resided on his livings. He gen- erally spent the winter in London and the summer at fashionable watering-places, in the society of the Earl of Bath, who was his great patron. Among his writings, mostly controversial, are: Vindieation of Hilton from the Charge of Pla- giarism, Adduced by Lauder (1752); ^1 Letter on the Criterion of Miracles (1754), a reply to Hume; and many political pamphlets. He also edited the journals of Captain Cook. His .Ifi's- cellaneoiis Works, edited and containing a Life bv Macdonald. were published in Salisbury (i820i. DOUGLAS, Sir Jonx Sholto, See Queens- BERBV, MaRQIIS OF, DOUGLAS, Robert Kenxaw AY (1838—). An English Sinologue, born at Larkbear House, Devon. He was attached to the English Lega- tion at Peking, and upon hi-* return taught Chi- nese in King's College, and became governor of Dulwich College. He wrote the articles on China and the East in the Encyclopaedia Brilnnnira, and a catalogue of the t'hinese books and manu- scripts in the British ^Museum (1877). besides several books such as Tiro Lectures on the Lan- guage and Literature of China (1875) ; The Life of Jenghiz Khan (1877); Confucianism and Tnoixm' (1870); and China (1882). DOUGLAS, Stephen- Arnold (1813-1861), An eminent American political leader. .He was born in Brandon. Vt.. .Apri-I 23. 1813. He passed his boyhcvj in liis native State and in western New York: went to Illinois in 1833: tauaht Vol. VI.— 2-. scliool and studied law for a year; was admitted to the bar in 1834, and began practice in Jackson- ville. Within a year he was elected State's attor- ney for the most important judicial circuit in lllinoi;-. and his rise thenceforward was rapid and brilliant. In 1830 he was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature, and in the following year w:is made register of the Federal land ollice at Springfield. In 1838 he was an unsuccessful Ucinocralic candidate for Congress, but in January. 1841, was appointed Secretary of State of Illinois, which position, however, he resigned within a month to take a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State. After two years he resigned this position also, and thereafter served in Congress, tirst as a Representative (from 1843 to 1847), and then as a Senator, from 1847 luitil his death. In figure, lie was below the middle height, but his frame was -vigorous and his manner impressive. '"Little Giant," says Schouler. "he was presently called ; for, being both able and adroit in policy and full of resources, he gave the image of power under close compression." As chairman of the Committee on Territories, first in the House and then in the Senate, his position was peculiarly important. He favored the anne.xa- tion of Texas and the Mexican War. opposed the Wilmot Proviso (q.v. ), defended the Com- promise measures of 1850, and upheld the ex- treme demands for the Oregon Territory. He became especially conspicuous, however, through his proposal and advocacy of the doctrine of ■popular sovereignty," or "squatter sovereignty,' which denied the power of the Federal Govern- ment to legislate on slavery within the Terri- tories, and recognized the right of the people of each Territory to legislate upon the subject for themselves. This doctrine, first announced by Lewis Cass (q.v.), in December, 1847, was definitely formulated by Douglas in 1854, when he presented the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which precipitated anew the struggle over the exten- sion of slavery in the national Territories. The bill, in its lirst draft, also in precise terms announced the doctrine that the Missouri Com- promise had been superseded by the Compromise of 18.50, and. although nothing in the statutes warranted such an assertion, its political effect was great and immediate. The passage of the act brought upon Douglas much harsh criti- cism throughout the Xorth. and indicated, on the other hand, the increasing strength of the upholders of slavery. (See Kansa.s-Xebraska Bill.) Douglas now became, more than ever, a national force. Xevertheless, in 1856, as in 1852, he failed to secure the Presidential nomina- tion. His campaign in 18.58 for the election of the State Legislature, which was to name his suc- cessor in the Senate, led to the famous debates with Lincoln, in which the proldems of slavery were thoroughly discussed and the foundation laid for the national reputation of his opponent. Douglas secured a reelection to the Senate, but his position had become so altered through his opposition to the recognition of the Lecom|)ton Constitution in Kansas and by reason of his 'Freeport Doctrine' (see Freeport. 111.), that in 1860 he was unacceptable to Southern Democrats as a Presidential candidate. However, the X'orth- ern Democrats wouhl not support for the Presi- dency a man holdins the prevailing Southern views on slave^'V. This brought about a sectional
