DOUKOUCOULI. 413 DOVE. and the eyes are extremely large and prominent. Douroueoulis look more like eats than monkeys, and sit up like dogs. They have harsh, dis- agreeable voices. Several speeies are known, all iiinlinod to South America, where they repre- sent the lemurs of the Old World. They are also called owl-monkeys and night-apes. Consult Hates, .4 atiiialist on the .iiini:oits (London, rsti;? > . DOTJRRA, door'ra. See Sorghvm, paragraph }ion-v<tcvlntriiie. DOU'SA, Jaxus (Jan van dek Does) (1545- lti04). A Dutch statesman and historian. In 1572 he was sent by the Estates of Holland as the head of an embassy to England, to solicit aid from Queen Elizabeth, and in 1574 was Gov- ernor of Leyden when it was besieged by the Spaniards. AVhen the University of Leyden was founded, he was appointed first curator. In 1591 he was appointed a member of the Sovereign Council. His principal work was the Annals of Holland {Aniiak^ Rcriini). a Latin hexameter history, covering the period a.d. 898 1218. He also published epigrams and satirical poems, and a critical edition of Horace. DOITSABEL ( Fr. douce el belle, sweet and pretty) or DOWSABEL, doo'sa-bel or dou'sa- l>el. A term often applied, in old pastoral poems, to a sweetheart. DOUSTERSWrVEL, doo'ster-swiv-d. Her- man. A German adventurer in Scott's The An- lif/uary, who pretends to discovering money with a divining-rod, and is prevented from swindling Sir Arthur Wardour only by being tricked him- self by Ochiltree. The name was applied as a nickname to Dr. John Spurzheim, who was active in introducing phrenology in England. DOUVILLE, doo'vel'. Jean Baptiste (1794- e.l835). A French traveler, born at Harabie, JIanche, France. He traveled extensively in Asia and South America, and in 1832 published Voi/afte au Congo et dans Vintcrietir de I'Afrique efjuinoxiale, a work of three volumes, describing his discoveries in Central Africa. For this con- tribution to geographical science, he was honored with the gold medal of the Societe de Gvographie of Paris, and with honorary membership in the Royal Geographical Society of London. Later, however, he was exposed as an impostor, his work l)eing shown to be a fabrication based on early Portuguese discoveries. DOTTW, dou. Gerard. See Dot", Gerard. DOUZETTE, doo-tset'tf, Loris (1834—). A German landscape painter. He was born at Trieb- sees. Pomcrania. and studied with Eschke at Berlin. Subsequently he traveled in France, Italy. Germany, and Sweden. His specialty is moonlight painting, in which genre he excels. .mong his best works are: "Moonlight Xight in Winter" (1865) : "Swedish Coast bv Moonlight" (1860): ":Moonlight on the Gulf of Venice" (187C: Melbourne): "^foonlight on the Fjord" (1883; Dresden Gallery): "Harbor of Liiheck by Moonlight" (1891).' Douzette received the gold medal at the Berlin Art Exhibition of 1886. DOVE acel. diifa, Gcr. Tatihe. Dutch duif, Goth, dtiio. perhaps connected with Jr. duh. black. or possibly with AS. dv/an. to dip. from f/u/nH. to dive). A pigeon. No seientific distinction sepa- rates piseons from doves: but the latter word is attached to certain species, I'specially those which have been partly or wholly domesticated, as the ring-dove, rook-dove, and stock-dove of Europe, and still more particularly to the group of turtle- doves constituting the genus Turtur. These are small, graceful, modestly dressed representatives of their kind, the type of gentleness and purity. The common species {Turtur communis) is mi- gratory in Europe, and seems to be increasing. Another of the many Old World species, abundant in Asia Minor and eastward, and erroneously named Turtur Sencgalensis, is regarded as the 'turtle' of Scripture, In the United States, the bird frequently called turtle or Carolina dove is Zcnaidura macroura, whose plaintive, throb- bing refrain in early summer is familiar through- out the whole land, and makes its other name, 'mourning-dove,' seem sadly appropriate. It is migratory, but with the spread of civilization and consequent increasing certainty of food about bams, etc.. it is more and more remaining in the northerly districts throughout the winter. The scaled doves ( Scardafella ) are small and beauti- ful species of semi-tropical America; and another group belonging to the warmer parts of America and of terrestrial habits are called ground-doves. Doves' nests are very slight structures, and the eggs are white. An example (that of the Ameri- can Zenaida dove I is shown on the Colored Plate of Eggs of Water and Game Birds. Syiibousm of the Dove. The dove has taken a large place in legend, folk-lore, and poetic and religious symbolism. Proper names derived from the dove have always been used in the Orient as descriptive of loveliness, and were espe- cially applied to beautiful women. The name Semiramis is said to mean 'mountain dove.' and the bird became the ensign of her army. Mr. Charles De Kay relates in his Bird Gods (New York. 1898) how extensively the dove was woven into the pagan worship of ancient Europe, and its place in early Christian art and religious symbolism is prominent. The people of north- ern Europe used to say that the ring-dove or cushat perched near the cross when Jesus was expiring, and wailed its sorrow to alleviate His agony. To the Jews, from an immemorial time, it had been a type of innocence, and elsewhere it had been associated since the Olympian age with the higher idea of Venus as a symbol of natural' human afl'eetion — the love that goes with, or proceeds from, purity and simplicity of heart. It had a part in marriage scenes, and was naturally introduced by early painters into pictures of the Madonna and Child and of female saints. These qualities, combined with their mournful notes, made doves equally appropriate to moods of sor- row, and they were a part of the furniture of most pagan fimerals. This passed on into Chris- tian usage, and their likenesses, generally with an olive branch, were carved on thousands of tombs in the catacombs beneath Rome and else- where, emblematic of eternal peace. Various meanings seem to have been attached to these mortuarr carvings, but the prevalent idea was that of portraying the departure of the soul from the body : and. later, artists often represented a white dove issuing from the lips of dying martyrs, as occurs in old pictures of Santa Scho- lasfica, the sister of Saint Benedict, and of Santa Enhilia. the Spanish girl martyr who expired under tortures inflicted by the Emperor Diocle- tian. Hereby the human soul is represented as purified by suffering.
