DRAPER. 445 DRAVIDIANS. States. The information tlius coniijiled is said to have covered a ])eriod from about the middle of tlie eighteenth century to the death of Teeumseh. From 1834 to 1887 he was corre- sponding; secretary of the Historical Society of Wisconsin, and practically hccame the founder of the extensive library of that society, which upon his accession was limited to only a few volumes. The results of his extensive tours to collect material on the early history of Wiscon- sin were published in the lirst ten volumes of the 11 isco".«i)i Hislorkal Collections, which he edited. Unfortunately, only a few of the works projected by him were completed nt his death. Among those piiblished, perlia])s the best-known is that entitled Khit/'s MoiiiiUiin iiiid Its U crocs (ISSl). DRA'PIER LETTERS, See SwiiT, Jo.vA- THAX. DRASCHE, (IriishV. Anton ( 1820-1 !)04) . An Austrian ])hysician. He was born at Lobendau. Bohemia, and was educated at Prague, Leipzig, and Vienna. In 18.38 he became lecturer of pathologj- and therapeutics at the University of Vienna, and In 1874 he was appointed extraor- dinary professor of epidemiology' at that insti- tution. During tlie cholera epidemics of ISoO, 1854, 185.), 1S()(), and 1873, he conducted special hospitals or medical departments for the treat- ment of patients, and his numerous papers on the treatment of cholera, published chiefly in the Uedizinisclie ^Yochenschrift. are considered valuable contributions to the literature of the subject. He was also an acknowledged authority on diseases of the heart, and the introduction of the tincture of strophanthus into the thera- peutics of these diseases is due to his initiative. A collection of his medical treatises was pub- lished at Vienna in 1893. DRAUGHTS. See Checkers. DRAVE, drav (Ger. Drau). An important affluent of the Danube, rising in the eastern part of Tyrol, at a high altitude on the southern slope of the main ridge of the Hohe Tauern Alps, and flowing through the Pusterthal tow- ard Lienz, where it is joined by the Isel (Map: Austria-Hungary, F 4). It then flows a little south of east through Carinthia and Styria, pass- ing Villach and Marburg; then, turning toward the southeast, it forms the boundary between Croatia and Slavonia on the right and Hungary on the left, and joins the Danube 10 miles east of Esseg, after a course of 4C5 miles. Its princi- pal affluent is the Mur. from the left. In the first part of its course, the Drave is but a mountain torrent, rushing wildly through the craggy'passes of Tyrol ; but from Villach it is navigable to its mouth, a distance of 380 miles. The navigation facilities have been much improved by the Gov- ernment. The valleys through which it flows in its course through Carinthia, Styria. and Croatia, are distinguished by great fertility and pictur- esque scenery, while in Slavonia it is frequently bordered bj' dense forests. DRAVIDIANS (Skt. DrSvida). The name given to a large group of non-Aryan races of Southern India, including those speaking Tamil, Telugii, Kanarese, Malayalam. Tulu, Kudagu, and six or eight uncultivated dialects of the Tuder tribes, like Tfida, Kota, Khond, and Gond, together with Oraon and Rajmahal. Geo- graphically the Dravidian population occupies almost the entire peninsular part of India, or that portion to the south of the Vindhya forest and the Xerbudda Kiver, as a glance at the lin- guistic and racial maps of Cust and Constable will show. (See, also, Inui.v.) The Oraons and the Kajmahal hill tribes are sporadic represen- tatives of Dravidians in the Province of I'engal tc the north. Like the main body to the .south, they arc remnants left over from an earlier time when the Dravidians occupied a nuich larger part of India than at present; as a whole the Dravidian stock has been pushed forward or overrun by the advance of the Aryan incomers from the north. Ethnologically the Dravidians are interesting, es])ccially such a tribe as the Todas, in the Xilgiri hills, who represent one of the lowest stages of civilization. In some dis- tricts the Dravidians are distinguishable by language rather than by physical characteristics from the neighboring Hindu (Aryan) peoples, while in others they are so dark-skinned and so constituted in hair, features, etc., as to lead many ethnologists to consider them related to the Australians and to group the latter and the former as one race. The anthropological kinship is maintained by Hale (IS'.H) and lirinton (1890), the former holding that the Australians are Dravidians degraded by their environment. Keane (1890) sees a large Caucasian (white) element in the Dravidians. who, like the !Mag- yars in Europe, 'have been assimilated to the Caucasian type, and have accepted Aryan cul- ture, while i)reserving intact tlieir non-Aryan speech." Hale thinks that the influence of the Dravidians upon the intruding Aryans has been much underestimated. Some authorities con- sider the so-called "Kolarian" peoples to be re- lated to the Dravidians. while others look upon them as pre-Dravidian aborigines. The religion of the Dravidians embraces all phases from the rude nature-worship of the hill tribes to the bor- rowed Buddhism. Hinduism, and Islaniism of the more civilized peoples. The Dravidians (Tamils) have even developed a style of architecture. The folklore and mythology of some of these peo- ples is rich and varied, of the Tamils in par- ticular. The Dravidian languages belong to a group quite independent of the Aryan or Indo-Germanic (q.v. ); the aflinities which these tongues show with Sanskrit are due to geographical contact, and not to linguistic kinship. Owing to certain characteristics or peculiar features of these languages, some scholars, especially the best authority. Caldwell, have sought to establish an affiliation between the Dravidian and what is sometimes called the Scythian or Turanian fam- ily of tongues. Hardly any two of the dozen Dravidian languages arc intelligible to those who speak the other, except in a general way. The two which stand highest in cultivation and im- portance are the Tamil an<l the Telugu. More than half the number of Dravidian-speaking peo- ples employ the one or the other of these two vernaculars. The T.aniil covers the lower eastern side of the Indian peninsula from Madras to Cape Comorin and over into Ceylon. It is spoken by some lfi.000.000 jieople. The Telugu, which is spoken by fully as large a number, ad- joins this language to the north and extends from Madras upward beyond the dominions of the Xizam of Hyderabad. The Kanarese, or
