DRISLEE. 468 DRIVING. in 1839, was appoiiileil tutor of Cireck and Latin there in 1843, and iidjunc-l professor of Cireek and Latin ip 1815. From 1857 to 1807 lie was pro- fessor of the Latin hinguajje and literature, and from 181)7 until 18U4, when he became professor emeritus, professor of the tireek languajje and literature. He was acting president of Colum- bia in lS(i7, during the absence of President Bar- nard as I'nited States Commissioner to the Paris Kxposition of that year, and again in 1888-8'J. after the retirement of President Harnard and previous to the election of President Low. In 18',I0-',I4 he was the lirst dean of the Columbia .School of Arts. His extensive and valuable library was dis|)ersed by sale after his death. He assisted Dr. Charles .- thon (q.v. ) in the prep- aration of a series of tcxt-biK>ks, and reedited, with corrections and additions (1804), the CrcclcEitfi- lish Lexicon of Liddell and Scott, rendering im- jjortant cooperation in the revision connected with the seventh Oxford edition of that work (188:n. DRIVER, dri'ver, Samiel Rolles (1840—). The Uading Hebrew scholar in England of the critical school, born at Soiithamptoii. He gradu- ated 1{... at Oxford, ISliO; was fellow and tutor 1870-83 ; succeeded Pusey as regius professor of Hebrew and canon of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1883. His chief publications are: A Treatise an Ike Use of Tenses in Hebrew (1892) : oles on the Hchreir Text of the Hooks of Samuel (1890) ; Isiiiah: His Life and Times (1803) ; .In Intro- duction to the Literature of the Old Testament ( 1897) ; commentaries and annotations on Levit- icus (1894-98), Deuteronomv (1895), Daniel (1900), Joel and Amos (1897). With Francis Brown and Charles A. Briggs he is now prepar- ing a Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament. DRIVER ANT, or Visiting Ant. A West African foriiiiciMc ant {Anomma arcens) , nearly half an incli long, and blind, whidi goes about, mainly at niglit. in 'armies' that destroy all the smaller creatures overtaken. When they reach a village the negroes are obliged to quit their houses as long as the ants remain, and "all the rats, mice, lizards, cockroaches, and other vermin are either com|H'lled to decamp hastily, or are caught, killed, and devoured." They are said to have no fixed abodes, but to follow a no- madic life, crossing rivers by clinging to one an- other in a living chain or bridge, over which others pass: or. when aroused by floods, gather- ing into spherical masses and floating until they drift ashore. A very complete account of their habits is given by Wilson in Wrslrrn Africa (New York, 185C), from which the following facts are quoted: "When about to cross a well- trodden path where they (the column) are likely to be disturbed, the soldiers weave themselves into n complete arch, extending across the whole width of the path, imder which the females and the laborers Iwaring the larvir pass without the least exposure. 1 have frequently put the end of my eani' under the arch and raiscil it full five feet from the ground without letting a single ant fall." DRIVING (from rfri'rc, AS. drlfnn. Tcel. drifa, CJoth. driilian, OHO. triban, C.er. trcibrn). The art of driving one or more horses, with the great- est security and comfort to all concerned, is as important to the horse as to the driver: and yet, notwithstanding the experience of centuries, it still remains an art utterly unknown to the vast majority of men and women wlio are in the regu- lar habit of driving, whether for business or pleasure. The essence of good driving is to secure the maximum of results in security and pleasure, or work, with the mininuim of ell'ort or strain to cither horse or ilriver. Pleasure drivjni' is confined to a single hor^c. or a pair in double harness side by side, or a pair tandem fashion. Modern conditions of road and street trallie eom- |>el the adoption of definite rules for each of the«e and demand that the thoroughly equipped driver be at all times ready and able to adjust himself to circumstances as they vary from moment to moment. Above all, a connection or bond of sym- pathy should lie established between the driver's liands and the horse's mouth, so that |)rompt indi- (ation may be made of any intention to change the direction. In driving a single horse, the driving or left arm slwuild l)e held easily and sulliciently forward for the right arm to l>e able to come to its assistance, with sutlicient space between the rein hand and the body to insure the ])0ssibility of drawing the reins in withmit sway- iiig the body backward. The third or fourth fin- L'cr should press on the reins, preventing them from slipping. When the right hand is needed to aid the left, the secimd. third, and fourtji fingers of that hand are placed betw(>en the reins, and the first and second placed on the right rein, grasping it. but keeping each rein of equal length. To turn to the right, bend the wrist over in such a manner as to bring the thumb vuidermost toward the left hij); and for a turn to the left, bring the little finger imdcrmost and incline it toward the right hip. The driving (left) hand must be lield straight in the centre of the body, with the knuckles of the hand to the front, antl the forearm exactly s(|uare to the upper arm, the elbow and back of the fingers ( when shut over the reins) lightly touching the (driver's) coat. Mannerisms or affectation of an.v sort are regard- ed as extremelv bad form, and severel.v con- demned. The whip is held in the right hand, grasped in such a manner as will give it the be«t balance, either for carr.ving or for service. With a well-made properlv balanced whip this wnuM be about fifteen or sixteen inches from the butt. The whip must never be used unnecessarilv. any more than the bit is to be pvUled or jerked by the reins. If bearing reins are used, care must be taken that they are never so short as to fret the horse. A slight drawing of the reins — pulliuL' them sutrieientlv taut gentlv to 'feel' the hor>e'« mouth — indicates to the properlv trained horse the signal to move oflT. Drlrinri tiro horxri abreast is effected in the same manner, there be- ing but two reins in the driver's hands. When two horses are driven laixlrm fashion, the one before the other, four reins come into use. and nuieh of the practice of foiir-in-band driving ap- plies. For coach, or fouriii-hand driritiiu the reins should be of a width and thickness re.'ju- latcd bv the length of the driver's fingers. Be- for.-" moiuiting take in the left hand the rein that draws through the centre of the terret of the left-hand wheeler'^ pad I this i>* the near-side leader's rein), and draw it until it bears on the bit. Xext pull the right leader'* rein through in the same manner, and pa-is them to the right hand. Then pull fir*t the left and then the right
