DUBLIN. 486 DUBLIN, UNIVERSITY OF. cieties. There nre two botanic giirileiis — one at Ijlusnevin. belonging to the Koval Dublin So- ciety, anil one near Donnybrook, connected with the university. The liospitals. asylums, orphan- ages, ami other <-liaritable institutions are nu- merous, and liberally maintained. The municipal all'airs are under the control of a town council of sixty members, comjirising Lord -Mayor, alilernien, and councilor^-. The civic spirit is pruuressive. The city owns docks and vvimrves, water-supply, markets, nuinicipnl tenements, electric lighting plant, maintains parks, zoiJiogical gardens, museum and library, art gallery, and model school. The metropolitan police force has jurisdiction over the surround- ing country within eight miles of the castle. The city sends four members to Parliament. The chief nianuf.ictures are porter, whisky, and pop- lin, and there are glass-works, cotton and linen factories; and foundries. Dublin has a large import, but a decreasing export trade. Its chief imports are grain, raw cotton, metal ores, timber, petroleum, sugar, cork, and butter: ex- ports wool, manure, iron and steel manufactures, whisky. Over 8000 vessels enter and clear a gi-oss tonnage of 4.850,000 ann illy. The total value of imi)orts and exports averages $12..500.- 000. Dublin's shipping comprises 214 sailing and 103 steam vessels of Cl.OO" tons. Much oif the inland traffic is carried on by the canals above mentioned and by the railways extending to all parts of Ireland. Dulilin is the seat of a United States consulate. Population of munici- pal borough, in ISOl, 2G8..58T : in I'.lOl. 289,108; and of the metropolitan police district, in 1891, 34,5,9,59; in 1901, 373,179. History. Frequently called Ballif .ihchc — town of the hurdle ford — from the ford of hurdles that spanned the river in this vicinity, this name was probably antedated by the per- petuated Duhh-liiiii — the black pool — and the Khlniin of Ptolemy. Christianity was introduced by Saint Patrick, who, in 448. baptized the King of Baileatha-cliath. From tlie ninth century nntil 1170. with interruptions. Dublin was held by the Danes. The Anglo-Xornian Conquest by Henry 11. finally disposses.sed them. .Tames II. held a P.irliament here in 1089 and foimded a mint, and in Saint Patrick's Cathedral William III. returned thanks for the victory of the Boync. Lord Fitzgerald (q.v.) planned to seize the city and castle during the rebellion of 1798. but was c:>ptured In-forc the attempt was made, and Rob- ert Emmet (q.v.) also made an unsuccessful at- tempt in 1803. On May 0. 1882. Lord Cavendish, the newly appointed Secretary for Ireland, and the I'nder-Sccretary TJurke was murdered in Phn»nix Park. Consult: Gilbert, flislori/ of Puh- lin (3 vols.. Diblin, 18.54-.59) : "Oreater Dublin." in London Municipal .Inurnnl (1889): Oerald. Pirlurrsriiw Dublin. Old and Xew (London. 1897): Cross. "Dublin," in liibliopraplu) of British Municipal Hiittortj (New York. 1897). DUBLIN, Univer.sity of. The chief, and for many years the only institution for higher edi- cation in Ireland. The first University of Dublin was e-lablished in connection with Saint Patrick's Cathedral in 1320, hut, lacking an en- dowment, was never successful, and |>crished. probably at the dissolution of the cathedral foun- dation by Henry VIII. The present found.ition, better Kiiiiwn as Trinity College, is unique in hav- ing the organization and functions of both a col- lege and a university. In 1591 t^iueen Fliztibeth issued a cliartcr incorporating a college, as •the* mother of an university,' with the title of 'the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, near Dublin.' It was exjx'ctcd that otlicr colleges would be formed about this nucleus, and that a university after the English model would grailu- ally arise in the Irish capital. This expectation was, however, disapjjointed, and though the in- stitution has nourished, it has not been in the way expected. The new foundation received lit- tle but its charter from the t^ueen: the corpora- tion of Dublin gave to it the grounds and ruins of the suppressed monastery of All Hallows, and a building fund was raised by subscription among the Irish gentry. The first chancellor was William Cecil, Lord Burghley. Elizabeth's great minister, who was also chancellor of Cam- bridge. The first five provosts were Cambridge men, and by this connection the inlluence of the English university on the Irish foumlation was very strong. The exclusive royal patronage and control by the English Crown promi.sed much, but under Elizabeth the college was but poorly supported and led a precarious existence. James 1. supplied an endowment of .some £400 a year as a pension, together with certain estates in Ulster, which insured its future. In 1001 the English troops defeated the Spanish at Kinsale, and in commemoration of their victory sub- scribed £1800 from the arrears of their ])ay to establish a library for the college. The two trustees of this fund were Dr. (J'halloner and Mr., later Archbishop, Ussher. Subsequently the collection of Ussher was, with some didiculty, purchased by the officers and soldiers of tlie army of the Commonwealth of Ireland, and from these two imusual contributions the foun- dation of the present collection was laid. The original constitution of the tiniversity, mean- while, having been found defective, new statutes were framed and issued under the direction of -Archbishop Laud in 1037. -A considerable part of these are still in force. Under the present system, the administration rests in the hands of a board consisting of the provost and senior fellows, in connection with the visitors, a council (since 1874), and the senate. The j)rovost is appointed by the Crown and is the chief officer of the college. The board consists of the pro- vost and senior fellows of the college, and carries on ordinary college Inisiness. The council con- sists of the provost, four members of the senate chosen by the senior fellows, four by the junior fellows, four by the professors not fellows, and four by the senate at large. The council co- operates with the board in regulating the stud- ies and the appointment of professors. The senate consists of the chancellor, vice-chancellor, and all masters and doctors of the university whose names are on its books. The fellows are of two grades, senior and junior. The senior fellows comprise the chief officers of (he college: the junior fellows form the bulk of the tutorial force of the college. Fellows, chosen priinarily by examination, are promoted by seniority. There is a considerable body of professors, some forty in all, besides lecturers, and ■^ome sppciil instructors. There are seventy scholarships. 1h>- sides many prizes. -s at Cambridge, (he old •listinctions amon'j undergraduates still exist. There are five classes of students; noblemen,
