DTJIFFOPRTIGGAR. 507 DUISBTJRG. DXJIFFOPRUGGAR, clVL-'fu|)n.i'gar, Caspar (loU 7-1. ( >iu' III llic tirst known violiii-niakers in Eaioi)f. Ue «;is lioin at Kreising in Bavaria, but notliin;: autheiitii' is Uhdwu of his early career, exeejit that his original name was Tief- fenlirueker: the change from that to the one by which he is best known having been caused by his residence in Italy and Fran<e. in which hitler country he was linally naturalized (1.550). He was long reputed to be the first maker of violins in Euroi)e, hut this claim has been seri- ously challenged by Dr. Contaignc in his (las/jtinl Duiffoiiroiicart ct Ics liilliirrs li/oiiiKiis di( A 1 //. sUcU- (Paris. IStW). This autliorily claims that all the instruments known as DuilVopruggar violins were really the handiwork of Vuillaume, who is supposed to have got his ideas from a riola de nuiiiha made by Huiftopruggjir. DUIKER, or DXJYKER, dl'ker or doi'ker (Dutch, diver). (1) One of the small African antelopes or duikcrboks of the genus Cephalolo- phns. often, but confusingly, called bushbucks by KnirHsh residents and sportsmen; especially Ccplmlolopluis (Irimmi. They abound in for- ested and bushy districts, moving about in small parties, leaping among the rocks and dodging into and through the thickets with surprising agility, while their ])lain colors render them practically invisible when quiet. All have very convex foreheads, and very large eyes and ears, between which, in both sexes, rise two little spike horns, and a median tuft of stiff hairs. All these antelopes feed largely on berries and small fruits, and their flesh has an excellent flavor. The typical species known in the Xorth as deloo is very common in southwest Africa. It is about 20 inches high, varialile in color, and often tamed as a pet. The redbucU of Xatal differs mainly in its reddish bay color. The Natal jungles also contain the diminutive blue- buck or pygmy antelope (Ceplialolophus monti- cola). which is the smallest of the score or more of species in this genus, standing only 13 inches high; they "are smaller and lighter in build than a hare, and are of a bluish mouse-color." The hcgoleh or madoqua {Ceplialolophus Abynsini- cim) of Abyssinia; the philantoniba (Crphnlolo- phus Mnxicelli) of Sierra Leone; the wood ante- lope of the west coast (Cephalolophun sylrirul- tor) : and the zebra antelope (Cephalolophus di>ri(F). also of West Africa, are notable species — the last-named of large size and golden-brown in color, striped with black bands across the back and loins. Consult: Schweinfurth. Heart of Africa (Leipzig. 1S78). and other books of -African exploration; also, Kandall, I'rnccedinpa Znoloftirnf Kocirtif of London (London, 1805). See Colored Plate of .Vxtelope.s. (2) In South .frica. a diving bird, as a cormorant or the darter iPlotux I.evnillaiiti) , the latter illustrated in the Plate of FisiiiNi; BiBUS. DUIIilAN COL'TTMN. A column erected in the Forum at IJome in lumor of the naval vic- tory of C. Duilius (ij.v.) over the Carthaginians. The name columnn ro.<.7rH;a, 'rostrate column,' the class to which this t)elongs, was given to columns commemorating naval victories (from roatrtim, the l)eak of a ship) , as they had on each side pro- jections in the form of such beaks, which were usually the actual beaks of the captured vessels of the enemy, ilichelangelo restored this column, and his restoration is in the Palazzo de' Conser- VoL. VI.— 33. vatori. on the Capiloline Hill. Its [x-destal re- tains a portion of an inscription, which is what remains of an inscrii>tion upon a restored column elected in linpirial times, to take the place of the original, which was destroyed by lightning. DUILIUS, dfl-ill-iis, Gaius. Roman consul in B.C. 2(iU. and victor of the great nav:il battle against the Carthaginians oil' the ])roiuontory of MyliP, Sicily, In the spring of ux. 200 the Komans launched the 120 sail composing their first fleet. Duilius's colleague, Gna?us Corne- lius Scipio, was appointed commander, and sailed for Messana with the first seventeen ves- sels prei)ared. Having attempted to capture Lipara. he was blockaded by the Carthaginians in the harbor of that island, and was captured with his entire squadnm. Duilius thus succeeded to the comniaiul, and with the main Roman fleet met the enemy advancing from Panormus. A battle ensued olT the promontory of Myhe, north- west of ilessana. The inferiority of the Roman vessels and crews was counterbalanced by the use of a boarding-bridge which Duilius had in- vented. The design was to run closely alongside the enemy, to drop the bridge, and thereby to grapple the ships together. The conditions were thus to approximate those of a conflict on land. The bridge proed entirely efl'ective. Of the Carthaginian fleet Duilius sank or captured fifty galleys, including the commander's seven-banked flagship, taken from Pyrrhus. The immediate effect of this victory was. of course, to turn the tide of the war, "but its ultimate result was far greater. Rome became forthwith a naval power, able to dispute with Carthage the supremacy of the Mediterranean. Duilius cele- brated the first naval triumph in Roman his- tory. He was honored by the erection of two memorial columns, and. so Cicero tells us, was throughout his life pemiitted on his return from banquets to be attended by torch-bearers and a piper. DUISBURG, doo'is-burK. A town of Rhenish Prussia, situated about 15 miles north of Diisseldorf. between the Ruhr and the Rhine, with both of which it is connected by a canal (Map; Prussia, B 3). Among its numerous churches that of Saint Salvator. a handsome Gothic edifice of the fourteenth century, contain- ing some interesting mural decorations and the tomb of the famous geographer ^lercator, de- serves sjiecial mention. The streets are well laid (Hit. and a modem system of sewers has been in- troduced. From its water-supply the city nets an annual profit of about $55,000. It also owns the gas-works. Its manufactures are numerous and important. It has iron-foundries, blast-furnaces, machine-works, steel and brass works, impor- tant chemical-works and factories manufacturing malt liquors, asphalt, glue, varnish, furniture, tobacco, soda, sulphuric acid, soap, starch, and sugar. Duisburg is one of the principal points of export for the Westphalian coal traile. and has two large harbors. In addition to the prod- ucts manufactured in the city, the exports in- clude those of the surrounding country, viz. iron ore, coal, and grain. The number of vessels leav- ing the port is over 4000 per year, with a ton- nage of over 1,000.000. It has ample railway facilities and an clcctriir railway line for inter- urban traffic. Population, in isOO, 50,285; in 1000, 92,720. Duisburg is an ancient town. It
