DV MAURIER. 515 DTJMERIL. father placed him in I. iiiversitv College, London, expeetinf.' to make a !:iienUst of liiiii. On the deatli of his father (It'jij). I'u Maurier adojued art as his profession, stiidving in Paris under Gleyre. and in Antwerp under De Kaiser and Van Lerius. Returning to London, he began drawing for Once a Week, Punch, and the Corn- liill Magazine, and on the death of Leech (1864) he became permanently attached to Punch, to whose pages he contributed those examples of social satiric art now so well known. For his drawings he liimself composed the clever legends. He also illustrated Thackeray's Hvinnj Esmond and Ballads, Foxe's Hook of Marti/rx. and works by Henry James, Thomas Hardy, (Jcorge ilere- dith, and others. To Harper's Itagazine he con- tributed a series of drawings and two novels — Peter Ibbctson (1891) aud Trilbii (1804). The former, a fanciftil romance of dream life, was widely read — chiefly, it would appear, through interest in the autobiographic record of the au- thor's life at Passy. The latter, whose scene is the Quartier Latin, met with phenomenal success, and was dramatized in both England and Ameri- ca. Whatever may be thought of the melodra- matic presence of Svengali, the sttidy of the artist trio, occupying the earlier portion of the story, is generally regarded as a genuine achieve- ment. Subsequent to Du ^Liurier's death a third novel, The Martian, appeared in Harper's (1896- 97). He was also a skillful writer of light verse, specimens of which appeared in Punch and dis- persed through his books. But his reputation will chiefly rest upon that illustrative work for Punch through which he smilingly assailed the snobbish and the mean. His draw ings possess much grace, charm, and finish, and his peculiar type of wo- man became known everywhere. DUMB. See Deaf Mite. DUMB AGUE. A common name of a form of intermittent fever, in which there is a cold sensation in place of the shaking chill, and the succeeding fever is present, or of chronic ma- larial infection in which there is no regular chill, fever, and sweat, but all other conditions are present. See Ixtebmittent Fever. DUMBARTON, dum-bar't'n (Gael. Dumbrea- ton, fort of the Britons: called by the Britons Alchuth, height on the Clyde). A royal. Parlia- mentary, and municipal hurgh, seaport, and capi- tal of Dumbartonshire, Scotland, on the Leven, near its junction with the Clyde. 13 miles west- northwest of Glasgow (Map: Scotland, D 4). It consists chiefly of a long semicircular street parallel to the river. Its principal public build- ings are the Dumbarton Academy and county building. Ship-building, marine-engine and ma- chine making, iron-forging, iron and brass found- ing, and rope-making are the chief industries. It has regular steam communication with Glas- gow, Greenock, and other Clyde ports. Popula- tion (municipal burgh), in 1001. 10,864. Dum- barton (Dun Breton > was a city of the British Kingdom of Stratlulyde. Alexander 11.. in 1222, made it a royal burgh. At the mouth of the I^even stands the Castle of Dumbarton, on a steep, rugged, dotible-peaked basaltic rock, ris- ing to the height of .'5(50 feet. It is one of the four Scotch castles which, by the terms of the treaty of union between England and Scotland, must be maintained. It was for a time the prison of the Scotch hero Sir William Wallace. and serve<l as a residence for >L'iry. Queen of Scots, prior to her departure for France. Con- sult Irving. Di(Hiiar(o/i (Dumbarton, 1865). DUMBARTONSHIRE. A county in the west midland division of Scotland, bounded on the east by Loch Lomond, .Stirling, and Lanark; on the south by Renfrew and the Clyde estuary; on the west by Lochs Long and Argyll; and on the north by Perth (ilap: Scotland, D 3). Area, 267 square miles. The scenery is very romantic. It is a mining and industrial county, the mineral products being coal, freestone, limestone, iron- stone, and slates. The north of the covmty is mountainous and unproductive, but well-culti- vated lands lie south of Loch Lomond and along the Clyde east and west of Dumbarton Castle. Popuhition. in 1801. 20.700: in 1S,')1. 45.100; in 1801, 98.014; in 1901, 113,870. Capital, Dum- barton. Consult Irving, Dumbartonshire (Dum- barton, I860). DUMB-BELL (so called from a fancied re- semblance of the balls to bells). A weight used in ealisthenic and other physical exercises. It consists of two balls of iron, or, for light exer- cise, of wood, connected by a bar for a handle. The present form of dumb-bell was in use in Eng- land as early as the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and weights, called haltcres, that were similar to modern dumb-bells, were used by the quoit-play- ers in the early Grecian games. See Gtjixastics. DUM'DUM. A town and military canton- ment of Bengal, British India. 10 miles south- east of Barrackpur and five miles northeast of Calcutta (Map: India, E 4). It has extensive accommodations for troops, and an ammunition factory. The place is famous in connection with the Mutiny of 1857. It was the scene of the first open manifestation on the part of the .Sepoys against the creased cartridge. Population, in 1801. 21.433. ' DUMDUM BULLET. A bullet sometimes used in the British Army, where it is styled 'Mark IV.' It resembles the ordinary service bullet, except that the leaden core is left un- covered, and by further making the casing weak at the apex, the bullet spreads out immediately on striking a bone, and tears or splinters the body, usually with fatal results. It was first made at the Dumdum Arsenal in India, whence its name. The reports of the commanding offi- cers in the Chitral campaign of 1895 called atten- tion to the fact that wliile the service small-bore bullet had immense penetrative power, it did not possess sufticient stopping power : and a man struck by it did not at once suffer shock or dis- ablement, but continued to fight. Tlic wound of the Lee-^Ietford (the British service rifle) bullet, like that of the !Mauser, is a perfectly clean per- foration, which in many instnu'-cs will soon heal. It was to secure greater 'stopping power' that the Dumdum was employed : and although it is under the ban of the Peace Conference, Great Britain still employs it. but only against uncivilized peoples. Great Britain refused to subscribe to the clause condemning this type of bullet, and thus left herself free to retain it. It was used in Egyjit in 1805, but not in the Boer-British War oif 1899-02. DUMERIL. du'ma'r(il', AxDRt Marte Con- stant (1774-1860). .A French physician and naturalist, born at Amiens. In 1801 he was
