DUNNING. 527 DUNOIS. DUNNING, John. Baron Ashburton (1731- 83). An Euglish lawyer and statesman, bom at Ashburton (Devonshire). He studied law at tlie Middle Temple, was ealled to the bar in IToti. obtained a lii^h legal reputation, beeame Solicitor-tJeneral in 1TG8, and in the same year was returned to Parliament for ("alne. He very strongly opposed the poliey of the ilinistry in eonneotion with the Ameriean eolonies, repre- senting that poliey as, "Resist, and we will cut your throats : submit, and we will tax you." In 1774 and again in 1780 he was reelected to Parliament, in 1782 became a member of the Privy Oovmeil, and was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He was one of the most prominent lawyers and orators of his day, and was indeed extravagantly praised by contempo- raries. He wrote .4 Defense of the t'nited Com- jxniii of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1702), and h.as been credited with the authorship of .4 Letter to the Proprietors of East India Stock (1764), a pamphlet entitled In<jiiirt) into the Doctrines Lately Promulgated Concerning Juries, Libels, etc. (1764). and a joint share in the Letters of Junius (1769-72) (q.v. ). Consult Eoscoe, Lives of Eminent Brit- ish I.awiiers (London. 1838). DUNTMOCK (ilE. donek, from donncn, dun- iien, dun + diminutive -ek. -ock : so called from the color). A familiar folk-name in Scotland and parts of England for the hedge-sparrow (q.v. I, one of the commonest of British warblers. DUNNOTTAK CASTLE. A mined castle on the Kincardineshire coast, Scotland, a mile and a half south of Stonehaven. It occupies the top of a rock. 4io acres in extent, and 160 feet high, overhanging the sea, with a deep dry chasm between it and the mainland. It is approached by a steep winding path. It was the ancient seat of the Keiths, Earls ilarischal of Scotland. In 12'.16 Wallace is .said to have taken the rock and the kirk of Durinottar from the English. During the Commonwealth the regalia of Scot- land were hid in the castle from the Republican army, and before the garrison surrendered to Cromwell's troops in 16.51, the regalia were re- moved and secreted in the church of KinneiT. In the time of Charles II. and .James II. the castle was one of the State prisons, where the Cov- enanters were cr.nfined. It was dismantled after the rebellion of 1715, on the attainder of the last Earl -Marischa!. DtTNN'VILI.E. A port of entry of Jlonck , County, Ontario, Canada, on the Grand River and the Orand Trunk Railway, 43 miles west of Buffalo (Map: Ontario, T> 5). It has agricul- tural and lumber industries. Population, in 1801. 1776; 1001, 2105. DUNOIS, du'nwii'. ,Te. . Coimt of (1403-68). A brilliant French soldier, known as 'the Bastard of Orleans.' He was the natural son of Louis. Duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., and of Marietta d'Enghien, the wife of -ubert Flamene, Lord of Cauny. He was brought up in the house of his father, who was murdered in 1407. .At- tached to the Armagnae faction, Dunois was taken prisoner by the Burgundians when they captured Paris in 1418. and was not released un- til two years later. His friends then advised him to enter the Church. b>it his own tastes led him to a military life and he attached himself to the party of the dauphin Charles. His first battle was that of Bauge, in 1421. He was en- dowed with the seignorj' of Vaubernais in Dauphinc. and married in 1422 Marie Louvet, the daughter of the dauphin's favorite adviser. The same year Charles became King, and made Dunois a councilor and grand ihamberlain. In 1424 he was present at the battle of Verneuil, but the retirement of his father-in-law Louvet, through the intrigues of the Constable de Riche- ment, led Dunois to withdraw for a time from the service of Charles. In 1427, however, he was again prominent and in the relief of Mon- targis, besieged by the English, in September of that year, laid the foundation of his mili- tary renown. He next undertook the defense of Orleans, which he bravely sustained until the arrival of Joan of .rc with aid. .Joining their forces for the reccmqucst of France. Dunois and the Maid of Orleans entered upon an almost un- broken succession of victories which freed France from the English. The capture of Joan of Arc before Compifgne was a sore blow to Dunois, nor could he save her from being burned at Rouen, though he gallantly attempted a diversion in Normandy. Resuming the campaign, Dunois took Chartres, in 14.32, and forcing Bedford from in front of Lagny, he laid the way open to Paris. His operations with Richemont in Lower Xormandy and around Paris hastened the con- clusion of the Treaty of Arras (143.5), by which Philip of Burgundy abandoned the cause of England and went over to Charles VII. Dunois refused to sign the treaty because it did not stipulate for the release of his brother, the Duke of Orleans. He was instrumental in expelling the English from Paris and held a place of honor in the royal entry, November, 1437. After pro- curing the liberation of the princes of Orleans, in 1439, Dunois was more or less involved, for their sake, in the political intrigues of the great nobles against the King, known as the Praguerie. ilany new honors and titles were, liowever, con- ferred upon him, and between 1446 and 1448 he was employed by Charles VI. on diplomatic mis- sions to England. Burgundy. Savoy, and Rome. The war with England having begun again, in J 449. Dunois was named Lieutenant-General of Xormandy. and in a campaign lasting only a year and six days he took all the important strongholds of the English and expelled them from Xormandy. Charles VII. designated such a conquest as nnraculous. and employed Dunois to do the same in Guienne in 1451. where his triumph was equally complete. It has been maintained that as a reward Dunois was de- declared legitimate, hut this is not proved. Dur- ing the wars between Charles VII. and the dau[)hin Louis Dunois held Xor?nandy^in the name of the King, and was present at the battle of Castillon in 1453. The last years of the great soldier were spent in State afTairs. His services and abilities were at first recognized by Louis XL, who employed him in negotiations with the Duke of Brittany in 1462. but as he did not enjoy the confiilence of the King. Dunois, in 1465, placed himself at the head of the League of the Public Weal and was active in negotiating the Treaty of Saint Maur, He died nt the Chateau of Hay. Xovember 24, 1468, and was buried in the Chirch of Xotre Dame de Clery, Louis XI. being present at the funeral. Con- sult the contemporary chronicles by .Monstrelet Basin and Berrv'; also Aimf?-Champollion, Louis
