DXJRET. 543 DURHAM. class is his "Xeapolilan Improvisatore" (1839). His works exeruleil I'm- publir liuililings inoludo: ■"France Protecting Her Children" (ISoo), a group in the grand style for the new Louvre; two bronze figures for the tomb of Xapoleon in the Invalides ; a colossal Christ in the (^hurch of the Madeleine; the statues of "Comedy" and "Tragedy" for the Theatre Francjais; marble statues of Dunois. Philippe of France, Chateau- briand, and Richelieu at Versailles; and the group for the fountain of Saint llichel, repre- senting that saint wrestling with Satan. He received the medal of honor in 1855, and was made a member of the Institute in 1843. As professor of the Ecolo des Kcaitx-Arts he was more intluential through his teaching than through liis works. D'TJRFE, dur'fa', HoNOB^. See UEFfi, Hono- rs d'. DTJRFEE, dei-'fe, Job (1790-1847). An American jurist. He was born at Tiverton, R. I.; giadualed at Brown University in 1813, and was admitted to the bar. In 1814-19 and 1827-29 he was a member of the State Legisla- ture, from 1821 to 1825 he was in the National House of Representatives as a Federalist, and in 1835 he became Cliief Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island. He was the author of What Cheer f (1832), a poem in nine cantos; of an oration. The Influences of Scientific Discovery and Invention on Social and Political Proi/rcss, or Roncr M'illiains in Exile (1843), under the pseudonj-ui "Theaptes,' and of a philosophical work in verse, entitled The Panidea (1846). Consult: Complete Worhs of Job Durfee, rcith a Memoir of IJis Life (Providence, 1849), edited by his son; also Gibson, Discourse on the Char- acter and M'ritings of Chief Justice Durfee (Providence, 1848). D'trR'FEY, Thomas (k-nown as Tom Dvr- fey) (1G53-1723). An English poet and dram- atist, born at Exeter (Devon). He turned from the law to become playwright, and made his first appearance with The Siege of ilemphis (1670). He was far more successful with his comedies, of which he wrote a considerable number. His popularitj' was greatly furthered by the songs written by him for his plays and set to music by Purcell and others. Soon he was called upon to compose occasional verse, much of it in glori- fication of the triumphs of English arms. By Charles II., James 11., William and Mary, and Anne, he was shown marked tokens of favor. Latterly, it appears, he became reduced to pov- erty, and his friends, Addison and Steele, ob- tained for him a benefit performance of his Plotting Sisters at Drury Lane. He was a mirthful fellow, who, as Addison says, "made the world merr.v." turned out song after song with slight effort, and himself sang them with pood spirit and applaiise. His songs, with music, appeared in 1C83-R5. and in 1720 in the collection ll"if and Mirth. He wrote further Tales. Moral and Comical (170G). His dramatic works were Sublished contemporaneously, but have never een collected. DTTRGA', doorpi' (Skt., impassable).. In Hindu mythology, one of the names by which the consort of the god Siva is known. This is her title when she appears in her fear-inspiring form. Similar is her awful manifestation as Kali 'Black,' a dreadful goddess. Her image is often seen in Hindu temples. In her more pleas- ing aspect she is the same as IJmfi, Parvali (q.v.) . Consult: Dowson, Hindu Mythology (London, 1879) ; Wilkins, Uindu Mythology "(2d ed., Lon- don, 1902). DURHAM, dflr'am. A maritime county of the northeast of England, between the Tyne and Tees, bounded north by XorthumlM^rland, east by the North Sea, soutli by Yorkshire, west by Cumberland and Westmoreland (Jlap: England, E 2). It has 32 miles of coast, generally low, but with some clifl's, and an area of 999 square miles, five-sevenths being arable. Durham is one of the chief counties in England for the produc- tion and export of coal, and also for the mining of lead. Manufactures are numerous, including chemicals, glass, iron, earthenware, sails, ropes, and anchors. Sliip-building is an important in- dustry. The a_gi-icultural products are oats, bar- ley, wheat, turnips, beans, and peas. The Tees- water breed of short-horned cattle is well knovn, and excellent draught and saddle horses are raised. Population, in 1891, 1,016,550; in 1901, 1,187,.300. Previous to the Roman invasion, Durham was in the possession of the Brigantes, and under Roman rule became part of the Province Maxima Caesariensis. When the Anglo-Saxons gained control, it became part of Bernicia, and hence of the Kingdom of Northumbria, until the Norman Conquest. Under the Normans it obtained the privileges of a county palatine, and for many years its affairs were administered by the bishops, who enjoyed larger temporal preroga- tives than in most of the other counties. In 1530 Henry VIII. stripped them of many of their juridical powers, but it was not until 1836, after the death of Bishop Mildert, that an act of Parliament removed all temporal jurisdic- tion and privileges forever from the bisliopric. DURHAM (AS. Dunhohn, hill-isle, from dun, hill, dowii -- holm, island). A Parliamentary and municipal borough and ancient episcopal city of England, the capital of the county of Durham, GO miles north-northwest of York. It is built around a steep rocky hill 86 feet high, nearly encircled by the Wear, which is here crossed by three bridges (Map: England, E 2). On the top of the hill are the cathedral and castle, . cicnt walls partly inclose the hill, from which fine views are obtained of the fertile wooded country and of the suburbs across the river. On the site of a church dating from 995, Bishop Wil- liam de Carilepho, about 1093, began the present magnificent cathedral, one of the finest Norman churches in England, to which additions con- tinued to be made till about 1.500. It thus ex- hibits the gradual changes of style between these periods. It is 507 feet by 200 feet, with a central tow-er 214 feet high, and two west towers 138 feet high. It contains the tombs of Saint Cuthbert (q.v.) and the Venerable Bede. Among the chief buildings connected with the former monas- tery are the dormitory, now used as the new library, a magnificent hall in practically its orig- inal condition, and the refectory, now the old library. The castle, formerly the residence of the bishops of Durham, but now the scat of the I'ni- vcrsity of Durham, was founded about 1072 by William the Conqueror. It was built in the Romanesque stylo, but it has since been much altered. The present University of Durham was
