DURIS OF SAMOS. 545 DXTRUY. of Lynceus. At one tiino he was tyrant of Samos. He wrote a iiuiiilier of historiial works, oi which the most important was 'H Tuf 'EXXt;- viKwi/ ^l<rTopla, or a llixtury of (/rtfrc from li.i . J10 to B.C. ,iSl. Both the judgments passed on him in antiipiity anil his remaining fragments support the helief that he was merely a careless and uncritical collector of historical materials. Consult: Miillcr, I'laymciitii IJistorieorum (lidcoruin (Heidelberg, ISOti) : and Hullenian, Diiridis Samii quw supemunt (Utrecht, 1841). DtJKKHEIM, di.irk'him. A town of the Bavarian I'ahitiiiatc. Ciermany, on the Isenach, at the foot of the Hardt Jlountains, about 13 miles west-southwest of iSIannhcim (Map: Germany, C 4 ) . It is surrounded l)y vineyards and fre- quented as a health resort for the saline springs of Philippshalle, which belong to the town. Its chief industries are the manufacture of paper, oil, and paints and the preparation of salt. There is also a considerable trade in grain and wine. At the entrance to the Isenach Valley are the picturesque ruins of the Abbey of Limburg, founded in 12.30 bv Conrad II. Population, in 1890, (i080; in llto'o, 6200. DUKKHEIM, dur'kfiN', Emile (1858—). A French philosopher, born at Les Vosges. He was educated at the Ecole Normale Superieure; traveled in Germany and made valuable studies of social conditions there. The first French chair in sociology at the University of Bordeaux was foimded for him (1887), and he became a full professor si. years later. His special aim was to separate sociology from mere psychology, and to examine social conditions in the light of other observed social facts. In the field of psychology his writings treat of the distinctions l)etwecn individual mental phenomena and 'folk psychologic.' They include: '"U'individualisme et'les intcllcctuels." in Renin Bhnie (1898). and "Rep resentai inns individuellcs et reprfeentations collectives," in Revue il^taphiisique (1808). ilention should also be made of his general study: "La science positive morale en Alle- magne." in lievtie Philosophique (1887) ; of the journal IWnnce Socioloyiqiie, founded by Durk- heim in 1808; and of his books: De la division (lu irarail social (189.3): Les regies de la methode xociologique (1894) : and the especially valuable stidy, Le suicide (1897). DURIiACH, door'l.TG. An old town in the Grand Diuliy of Baden, Germany, on the Piinz, three miles east of Karlsruhe ( Map : Germany C 4). Durlach manufactures tobacco, chicory, leather, gloves, brushes, and machinery, and has extensive fruit and grain markets. The environs abound in orchards. On the sunmiit of the Thurnibcrg is a lofty tower believed to be of Roman origin, which is reached by a cable road. Remains of ancient walls and fortifications are still to be seen. Population, in 1890. 8240; in 1000. 11,100. DtfRNSTEIN, di.irn'stln. A village of Lower Austria, situated in a liighly picturesque spot on tlic left bank of the Danube, about 4.5 miles west-northwest of Vienna (Map: Austria. D 2). It is noteworthy for the ruins of a castle where Richard Cccur de Lion is said to have been im- prisoned a short time in 119.3. Xear by. the French were defeated by the .ustrians and Rus- sians November 11, 1805. Population, about 700. DtTROC, di.i'rok', (iEii.vKi) Cuuisroi'iiic Michel, Duke ot Friuli (1772-1813). . French soldier and diplomatist. He was educated at the -Mili- tary Academy of Brienne; joined Napoleon as sublieutenant of artillery at the siege of Tou- lon, and became one of his favorite ollicers. In the Italian and Egyptian campaigns he was Napoleon's aide-de-camp, and at Marengo served as a, brigadier-general. During the Empire he was general of division and Governor of the Tuileries. Because of his shrewdness and the confidence tiiat Napoleon placed in him, he was sent on diplomatic missions to various lOuropean courts. He fought at Auslerlitz, Aspcrii, and Wagram, and was killed in a skirmish near Markersdorf after the battle of Bautzen (1813). DTJRRA. See Sorghum, paragraph Non- (iaccltariiic. DURUGMUN, doo'roog-mbon'. A Mongoloid people in iliuduro Island. See Phii.ipi>i.es. DXTRUY, dv'rwe', Victok (1811-94). A French historian and educator. He was born in Paris, September 11, 1811, of obscure parents, his father being a workman in the laee-works at Gobelins. Duruy did not begin his educa- tion until late in life, but was admitted in 1830 to the Ecole Normale Sui^erieure. He gradu- ated in 1833, and became professor of history in the college at Rheims, but soon received a call to Paris, where for twenty-five years he held an honorable position in the College Henri IV. An admirable teacher, he employed his spare time in the writing of text-books on history and geog- raphy and soon became prominently known in the field of education. In 1853 he received the degree of doctor of letters, but he did not leave the lycee until 1801, when he was made inspector of the Academy of Paris. He became successively mattre de conferences at the Ecole Normale, Inspector-General of Public Instruction, and, finally, professor of history in the Ecole Poly- technique. In 1863 Duruy was made Minister of Public Instruction by Napoleon III., whom he knew personally, having assisted that versatile ruler in collecting material for his Vie de Cmir. For si.x years Duruy presided over the Depart- ment of Public Instruction, and to him is due in great part the modern system of edurfition in France^ especially the organization of second- ary instruction. He was li!)eral in his views and devised many improvements in the educa- tional svstem of France, which, however, his op- ponents," the Clericals and Conseivatives, vehe- mently opposed. On the reorganization of the Ministry in 1860, Duruy resigned his portfolio and was given a seat in the Senate. After the events of 1870 he retired into private life. The last years of Duruy's life were spent in historical research, the results of which were his great Hi'.s- loire des liomaius (7 vols., Paris, 1879-85), and his Ilistoire des drees (3 vols., Paris. 1886-91). An English translation of the former of these ap- peared in London (1883-86). Most of his other works were school histories in Hachette's series "L'Histoire Universelle." the best-known vohimcs being the histories of Greece and Rome ( Eng. trans, ed. by MahatTy. London, 1888). and his Student's flistorii of France (Eng. trans.. New York, 1889). lie died in Paris. November 25. 1894. His son, Albert Duruv (1844-87). ac- quired some reputation as an historical writer on the period of the Revolution, and as a Bonapart-
