DtrSSELDORF. 547 DUST. Among the principal liuiKiinj;s of Dilsseldorf are the town luiU, diiling I'rum 1507, with a ucw wing added in 1885; the Aeadeuiy of Art; the Kunsthalle with a niunicipul gallery of modern Diisseldorf artists; the handsome new theatre; the Provincial Stiindchaus (House of the Rhen- ish Kstates), in the Italian Kenaissance style; the palace of justice; the Reichsbank ; and the palatial new post-office. Of the ecclesiastical edifices, the most noteworthy are the Church of Saint Lambert, a Gothic edifice of the fourteenth century, and the Church of Saint Andrew. The llofg-arten is one of the finest public gardens in Germany; in it is situated the War ilcmorial, erected in 18!)2 to commemorate the campaigns of 18U4, IStili, and 1870-71. Diisaoldorf owns and operates a gas plant, its water-works, street railways, and, since 1891, an electric plant. The educational institutions include a number of gymnasia and realschulen, a teachers' seminary, and an industrial art school. The town has been for two centuries an art centre, and is the home of the famous Diisseldorf School of paint- ers. The historic Academy of Art was founded in 1767. Among its 140 pictures there are only a few now of especial interest — an Assumption by Rubens, a Aladonna by Bellini, and the re- markable fresco series by Janssen. The histori- cal museum has a valuable collection of docu- ments. There are also an industrial museum and a library with 50,000 volumes. Diisseldorf is one of the chief centres of the iron industry in Germany. It has besides a number of textile mills, breweries, distilleries, etc. The commerce is extensive. Diisseldorf is the seat of many consuls, including one from the United States. Like most German cities, Diisseldorf has in- creased its population remarkably during the past two decades, owing to the annexation of • suburbs. In 1880 it contained a population of 95.190; in 1890, 144,642; in 1900, 213,767. Diisseldorf was known as early as the twelfth century. It received municipal rights from Count Adolf of Berg in 1288, and subsequently became the residence of the Counts of Berg. In 1609 it came into the possession of the Coimts Palatine of Xeuburg. and subsequently became jjart of the Electoral Palatinate, which in 1779 was united with Bavaria. It prospered gieatly under the Counts and Electors Palatine, some of the chief buildings and institutions of the city dating from that period. From 1795 to 1801 Diissel- dorf was held by the French; in 1800 it became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Berg, and was annexed together with the Grand Duchy to Prussia in 1814. Consult: Ferber, Uintorische Wtindcrtinfi (lurch die altc filndt Diisseldorf (Diisseldorf, 1890) : Clemen, Die Kunstmiiler der Rhrinprnrin::. vol. iii.. part i., Stadt und Krcis Diisseldorf (ib.. 1894). DtJSSELDORF SCHOOL OF PAINTING. One of the most important, if not the most im- portant, German school of the nineteenth cen- tury. It was the outgrowth of the Academy of Art, founded at Diisseldorf by the Elector Pala- tine Karl Theodor in 1767, but did not at- tain importance until Diisseldorf became part of Prussia. The academy was reorganized by Frederick William III., who made Cornelius di- rector. The latter did not hold his post long enough to impress his views upon the school, which represents rather the tendencies of Scliadow, under whom it came into great promi- nence. W hilc the school of Munich, under Cor- nelius, was a school of drawing, interested chiefly in frescoes, Unit of Diisseldorf was a real school of ])ainting. which worked cliiefly on panels, and paid some attention to color. It was technically superior to all the other German schools. More than any other school it represented the Ro- mantic tendencies in Germani'. In secluded Diisseldorf the artists lived apart from the world entirely in the past, and transformed into paint- ing the verses of Goethe, Sliakcspeare, and the rest. Their works, on the whole, bear unfavorable comparison with those of the French Romantic school, both from the standpoint of feeling and from that of techniciue. The school suffered much from dissensions between Catholics and Protestants, the former advocating strictly re- ligious subjects, while the latter took a moie liberal view. Among the most famous repre- sentatives of the school were Lessing, Hilde- brandt, Sohu, Rethel, The Achenbachs, and Knaus (qq.v.). It has had a great influence upon art in America, such men as Eastman .lohnson. Leutze, and Bierstadt liaviug done much to introduce its methods and style. The fine collection of old masters formerly possessed by the Diisseldorf Academy was transferred to Munich in 1805, but some 14,000 drawings and 24,000 engravings of the gi-eat masters still remain. Consult the works entitled: Die Diisseldorfer Malerschule, hy Fahne (Diisseldorf, 1837); Piittmann (Leipzig, 1839); and Rosenberg (Leipzig, 1886); the monographs on Die Diisseldorfer Kunstdkddemie, by Wiegmann (Diisseldorf, 1854) and Woer- mann (ib., 1880) ; and Sehadow, Der moderne Vasari (Berlin, 1854). DTJSSIEUX, du'sye', Loiis Etienne (1815- 94). A French geographer and historian, born at Lyons. He became professor of history at Saint Cyr in 1850. Besides his excellent con- tributions as a collaborator to the Encyelopedie Nouvelle and the Aniiales Archeologiques, he edited the Mimoires of the Marquis de Dangeau and of the Due de Luynes, and the Lettres in- lijiies of Henry IV., a work of considerable his- torical value. His original publications inchide: t'art eonsider^ eomme le st/»iholc de I'etat social (1838); Ceoriraphie liislori(/iic de la France (1844) ; Le Canada sous la domination fran<;aise (1855); Cours classiqne de Gfographie (1859- 65) ; Le Cardinal de Richelieu (1885) ; and nu- merous essays and other writings, all of which attest the careful research and great versatility of the writer. DUST (AS. dust, Ger. Dust, connected with Ger. Dunst. vajior, OHG. dunist, tunist, breath, storm. Golh. dauns, odor, Skt. dhvans, dhvas, to fall to dust, to perish). Atmo.si'HEBIC. It is a familiar fact that dust is always present in the atmosphere, not merely in houses and near the ground out of doors, but over the ocean and even on the tops of mountains. In order to ob- tain air absolutely free from dust, it may be filtered slowly through plugs of cotton wool, or it may he suddenly expanded so as to cool below the dew-point, when a portion of its moisture will condense upon the particles of dust and cause them to settle quickly to the bottom of the containing vessel. When a beam of sunlight shines through dustless air, nothing is seen by an observer standing at one side, but if dust is
