ECK. 625 ECKERT. with the reformer. Carlstadt (q.v.) and Luther wrote replies to this work, and in l.jlil occuritii the iiiemorahle disputation at l^eipzijj. histing from June 27tli to July Itlth. In 1520 he visit- ed lioMie and urged upon the Pope, Leo X., to take strong measures against Luther. The Popp consented, "and Tiek returned with a Papal bull of eondemnation in his pocket. From this time on he was prominent among the opponents of the Keformalion in Germany and Switzerland. In lo-'i lie visited England, and was well received by Henry VIU. He disputed at Baden, Switzer- land, in 1527, with Haller of Bern and Uieolam- padius of Basel, and attended the Augsburg Diet in 1530. He also took part in the reli- gious convocations held at Worms in 1540 and at Regensburg in 1543. He died at Ingolstadt, February 10. 1543. His most important works are included in Operum Jolinnnis Kcrii contra Luthrrum (Augsburg, 1530-35). He prepared a German translation of the Old Testament, and revised Luther's translation of the New. Con- sult Wiedemaim. Dr. Johannes Eck (Regensburg, 1865). ECKARDT, ek'art. Julius vox (183G— ). A Ru.->o( icruian author and diplomat. He was horn at Wolmar (Livonia) ; was educated at the uni- versities of Saint Petersburg. Dorpat, and Berlin, and with Biirens published the lUgasche Zcitung, a journal which served as the chief exponent of the principles of the German Constitutional Party in the governments of Esthonia, Livonia, and "Courland. In 1867 he became a resident of Germany, where he was associated with Gustav Freytag" the well-know-n novelist, at Leipzig, in the publication of the Grenzholen newspaper from 1867 to 1870. In 1884 he was appointed a Privy Councilor of Prussia, and from 1885 was German consul successively at Tunis, Marseilles, Stock- holm, and Zurich. His acknowledged publica- tions include Die baltischen Provinzen Rufsxlands (2d ed. 1869) and Jungrussisch und Altlivlan- disch (2d ed. 1871 ) . Many anonymous works are also pnjmlarly ascribed to him. ECK'ELS, .Tames Hereon (1858—). An American banker and financial expert, born at Princeton. 111. He graduated at the Albany Law- School (Xew York) in 1880, and practiced law at Ottawa. 111., from 1881 to 1893. From 1893 to 1898 he was United States Comptroller of the Currency, and in the Presidential campaign of 1890 was a [irominent Gold-Standard Democrat. He became president of the Commercial National Bank of Chicago in 1898. ECK'ER. Alexander (1816-87). A German anatomist and anthropologist. He was born at Freiburg, and was educated at the university in that city and at Heidelberg and Vienna. He was professor of anatomy and physiology' at Basel from 1844 to 1850. when he was called in the same ca- pacity to Freiburg, where he formed a valuable anthropological collection. The Museum of Ethnol- ogy at Freiburg was also established by him. He was co-editor of the Arrhir fiir Anthropologic, and wrote the following important publications: Ertiiutertingslofeln zur Physiologic find Etittmcli- lungsgeschichte (18.50-59): Crania fScrmania', with 38 plates (1863-651: Die nirnirindungcn dc/i Mcnfchen ( 1869) ; Die A natomic des FroHrhcu. ein Ilandhuch fiir Phgsiologen, Acrztc und Studierende (3 parts, 1864-82; part 1, 3d ed., 1896). ECKERMANN, ek'er-nuin, Johann Peteb (1792 1S54J. .V German author and editor of Goethe's Works, born at W'insen. lie served in the War of Liberation (1813-14), and after- wards studied at Hanover aiid Giittingcn. In 1822 he sent Goethe the manuscript of his Bci- triigc zur Poesic. Goethe wis favorably impressed with the work, and in the following year Ecker- mann .went to Weimar and became Goethe's pri- vate secretan'. He held several minor public ollieos in the grand duchy after Goethe's death, but is memorable solely for his (Jespriiche mit Goethe (1836-48), a translation of parts 1 and 2 of which, by ilargaret Fuller, apjieared in Boston in 1839, and a complete one by Oxenford in London (1850). There are translations in almost every European language, even Turkish. Eckermann published Goethe's y achgclassene Wcrke (1832-33). and cooperated with Kiemer in the edition of the Samtliche Werke, in forty volumes (1S39-40). ECKERNFORDE, ek'ern-fer'de. A town in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein. Prussia. Ger- many, on the Baltic, 20 miles northwest of Kiel by rail. It stands on a strip of land dividing Eckernforde Bay into two portions, and has a line harbor. It is the headquarters of the Prus- sian lislieries, and carries on a thriving trade in agricultural produce, salt, hardware, and tobacco. Its public institutions include a teachers' college and a school of architecture. Population, in 1900, 6719. ECKERSBERG, ek'ers-berK, .Johan Fred- EUiK (1S22-70I. A Norwegian landscape paint- er. He was born at Drammen and studied at Diisseldorf. He founded an important school at Christiania, Norway, in 1859. Among his works are "Sunrise in the High Mountains," a series of views of Madeira, and "A View in Saeter Valley." in the Christiania Gallery. ECKERSBERG, Kristoffer Vilhelm (1783- 1853). A Danish painter, born at Varn.aes, Schleswig. He studied in Copenhagen, Italy, and Paris, and upon his return to Denmark was made professor at the Academy of Copenhagen. His first work of importance was "Moses Di- viding the Waters of the Red Sea" (1817). Others are the "Women at the Grave of Christ" and the "Death of Balder." Besides his his- torical pictures, treating episodes of Danish his- tory, he painted marines, and good portraits of Thorwaldsen and the royal family of Denmark. ECKERT, ek'ert. Karl Axtox Florian (1820-79). A German musician, born at Pots- dam. He studied under a number of prominent teachers, among them, H. Ries. Rungenhagen. and Mendelssohn, and early gave evidences of talent as a composer. After having been ac- companist at the Theatre Italien, he became its conductor in 1852, and the same year went to the United States with Henriette Sontag. He was kapellmei.ster at the Court Opera, Vienna (1853); at Stuttgart (1860); and at Berlin (1869). His early compositions were preten- tious and unsuccessful, but his songs are still popular. ECK'EKT, TnoMAS Thompson- (1825—). An .American telegrapher and manager of telegraph systems, born in Saint Clairsville. Ohio. He superintended the military telegraph nflice at General MeClellan's headquarters in 1861, and
