EDHEM PASHA. 645 EDINBURGH. yet of Kossowo, adjutant-general, and fickl- uiarshal, and in 1S07 received the chief command of the Ottoman Army in llie Gneco-Turkish War. Ho mobilized 5.5.0110 troops in tliroe weeks, de- feated the (ireeks at the Maluna Pass, marched into Thessaly. and entered Larissa. His direc- tion of the army, both in the field and in its hospital and sanitary arrangements, was very skillful, ^^ce tiiiKEiE. EDIBLE BIRDS' NESTS. See Salangaxe. EDIBLE FLIES. See Ephyuha. EDIBLE FUNGI. See Fingi, Eoiuij: and Poiso.Nors; Mushrooms. EDICT (Lat. edictum, from cdicere, to pro- claim, from c, out + dicerc, to say). A rule of law pronmlirated by a superior magistrate. The power of making edicts {ius edicendi) belonged generally to the higher magistrates at Rome; but it was by the eurule aediles, and more ex- tenjiively still by two praetors — the prfctor «/•- 4(1 n us and the prwtor peregriitus — that it was prominently exercised. As this power was co- extensive with the possession of what were called the honors (honores) , it was freijuently spoken of as the ius honorarium : and from its being exercised chiefly by the praetors, it was also knonTi as the ius prirtorium. The edicts of the praetors are mentioned by Gaius among the sources of the Roman law : but, strictly speak- ing, they are to be considered as rules promul- gated by the magistrates on entering upon their cflBce, rather than as expression.s of the will of the Roman people, either direct or indirect. The edict of one praetor was not binding on his suc- cessor, but very often edicts promulgated by one praetor were adopted and confirmed by his successors in otlioe, and thus came gradually to acquire the character of definite legal rules. Edicts which thus became a part of the perma- nent law of the Republic were frequently kno«Ti by the names of their first promulgators, though they were often named with reference to the formula and the actio which they established. The power of promulgating edicts is supposed to have been derived from the kings to the con- suls, and through them to the praetors, and thus to have formed part of what we should call the royal prerogative. Even in Cicero's time the study of the edict had become a regular branch of the study of the law. In B.C. 67 the Lex Cornelia provided against the abuse of passing edicts for the decision of particular cases, by requiring the praetors to decide in conformity with the edicts which they promulgated upon as- suming otfice, which were known as perpetual edicts (edicta pcrpclua). The object of the edict, according to the Ro- man jurists, was to aid, supplement, and correct the civil law, and to render it more conducive to the public sen'iee. and they speak of it as "the living voice of the civil law." It was, in short, an indirect form of legislation, which public opinion .sanctioned for the public con- venience, and there can be no doubt that it con- tributed what was ultimately the most valuable part of the Roman law. The edicts of the emperors, like those of the pr.Ttors. were also general rules, promulgated directly; but these had tlie superior validity which attached to the suprenie magistracy, and soon took on the character of permanent law. They formed an important element in the con- slituiiones, in which the Imperial contributions to the law of the Empire were sununed up. There were many commentators on the edicts under the enii)erors, among whom Labeo is men- tioned and cited by L'lpian {Vig. 4, tit. 3, see. 9). Julian is supposed to have collected and arranged the edicts, and given to them a sj'S- tematic form. Gaius, Ulpian, and Paulus com- posed treatises on the edicts of the eurule (ediles; and it is chiefly from the writings of these and the other jurists excerpted in the Digest that we know anything of tlie character of the edict, the portions of it which have l»en preserved being mere fragments. They have been collected by Wieling in his Fragmenta Edicti Ferpetui (Frankfort, 1733). See Civil Law; CoxsTnuTiox ; Digest ; Paxdects. EDICT OF NANTES, niixt. See Xaxtes, Edict of. EDI'NA. A city and the county-seat of Knox County, ilo., 47 miles west by north of Quincy, 111., on the Omaha, Kansas City and Eastern Rail- road (Map: Missouri. D 1). It has flouring and saw mills, carriage and wagon works, a creamery, cold-storage plant, etc. There is con- siderable trade in live stock and agricultural produce. Population, in 1890, 14.56; in 1900, 1605. EDINBOKO, ed'"n-bur-u. A borough in Erie County, Pa., 18 miles south of Erie (Map: Penn- sylvania, A 2). The Xorthwostern State Normal School is located here. Population, in 1890, 1107; in 1900, 691. EDINBURGH, ed"n-bur-u. A royal and Par- liamentary burgh, the capital of Scotland and county town of Midlothian, situated on a scries of eminences about two miles south of the Firth of Forth and 47 miles east of Glasgow, in latitude 55° 57' X. and longitude 3° 12' V. (Map: Scot- land. E 4 ) . It now includes the town of Porto- bello on the Firth of Forth, as well as numerous other outlying districts which were annexed in 1896. The mean altitude is about 200 feet above the sea-level. Edinburgh is divided into the Old and Xew Towns' by a deep ravine, the former bed of the Xor' Loch, which has been turned into the charming recreation grounds of East and West Princes Street Gardens. The gardens are crossed by the Xorth Bridge, the Waverley Bridge, and the Mound, an artificial embankment, on which are built the Royal In- stitution and the Xational Gallery. The former contains an excellent collection of antiquities illustrating the progress of civilization and cul- ture in Scotland, and a sculpture gallery. It is the meeting-place of the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; the Xational Gallery contains a very complete collection of the Scotch school of painting as well as numerous examples of the old masters. The annual ex- hibitions of the Royal Scottish Academy are held here. The Old Town, extending from' the Castle on the west to the Palace of Holyrood on the east, contains the nucleus of the ancient burgh of Edinburgh, which grew up about the Castle, and the neighboring burgh of Canongate, which had its origin in the foundation of the Abbey of Ilolyrood. and whi<li retained its sep- arate municipality until the extensions of 18.56, when it became an integral part of Edinbur'jh. Two main streets running almost parallel inter-
