EDWARD. 668 EDWARDS. He also shared liis father's glory in the vietories which followed. In 13,io he was given command of the chief army in the Krencli War, landed at Bordeaux, and after several smaller successes, gained, in KJoCi, the victory of I'oitiers (q.v.). capturing the French King, .lohn 11., whom he carried captive to London, in IJio". In 13G1, during the short peace following King John's ransom, Edward married his cousin Joanna, the 'fair maid of Kent,' whose third luisl)and he was, and being created Prince of Aijuitaine and Gas- cony in 1.362, crossed over to his now possession, which he ruled successfully and peacefully for a time. Entering into an entangling alliance with Peter the Cruel, the de|)osed King of Castile, he found himself burdened with the cxpen>cs and losses of a profitless war, and for the excessive taxes laid upon his duchy was summoned to account by the French King as his liege lord. To this summons Edward replied haughtily, "We will come, with our helmet on our head and 00.- 000 men in our company." Tliis led to a rupture between France and England. The French planned a double invasion of the English terri- tory in France. The Duke of Anjou, conunand- iiig one expedition, besieged Limoges, which had been ceded to the English by the Treaty of Brctigny and formed part of the Principality of Aquitaine. The city was surrendered by the treachery of its bishop. The Black Prince, en- raged by this act, after a siege of a month, re- captured the city by assault ( 1370), and is said to have put to the sword 3000 of its inlialiitants. This ontl)urst of cruelty is the chief blot on the fame of the Prince, and it is only jiarlially ex- plained by his disordered health, which itself was perhaps due to the irritation of seeing the English power waning in France, in spite of all his vietories. He was compelled by the advice of his physicians to return in 1371 to England, where he lingered in continually failing health for five 3'ears. In these years he saw the loss of Aquitaine, but he did good service to the country in opposing the corrupt and oppressive inlluences thicli surrounded the doting Edward III., and by his help Parliament was able to pass acts in restraint of the dangerous ambition of John, Duke of Lancaster. He died, probably in June, .1370, and was buried in the Cathedral of Canterbury, where part of his armor still hangs above his tomb. His second son occupied the throne in the following years as Richard II. Consult: Longman. LIfr and Times of KJirrird III. (London.' 1809) : :Mackinnon, Dislorii of Ed- tifird III. (London, 1900). EDWARD II. . tragedy by Christopher Mar- lowe (alidut l.-i'.KI), published ir)!l8. It deals with the moral and political ruin of the title character, llirough love of the favorite Oaveston and through the rebellion of the indignant barons. EDWARD, Thomas (1814-80). A Scottish zoiilogi-^t and collector, known as 'the Banff naturalist.' He was born at Gosport. Hamp- shire, and at eleven years of age he was a])pren- ticed in Aberdeen to a shoemaker, whaso trade he followed throughout his life, mainly near Banff. Before he was five years old he showed an almost passionate fondness for all sorts of bird and animals, and by 1845 he had collected some 2000 species of animals, which he was coni- pcllert to sell for about £20. He then set cour- ageously at work to make another collection, at the same time recording his observations, which iiis friend, the Rev, James f^mith, sent to the Zooloyisl. where the publication -of his detailed and minute descriptions of the habits of birds and beasts attracted attention from the similar- ity of his methods and of his accounts to those of Audubon. He later turned his attention en- thusiastically to marine zoology, and discovered twenty new species of crustacea in the Moray Firth, In 1800 came the iir^t recognition of the scientific value of his researches, in an <'lection • as an associate of the Linna'an Society of Lon- don, In 1876, through the inllueiue of Charles Darwin and others, he received an annual civil list pension of £50. Consult Smiles. Life of Tlivmus Edaard (London, 1870). ED'WARDES, Sir Hkhuert Bkn.t.mi. ( 1819- 08). A British East Indian .siddier and adminis- trator. He was born in Sliro|)shire. was educated at King's College. London, and entered the In- dian Army as a cadet in the First Bengal Fusi- liers in 1840. He won promotion rapidly, and served on the stall' of Sir Hugh (iougli. the British commander-in-chief in the lirst Sikh War. in 1845-40. In 1847 he was made lirst assistant to Sir Henry Lawrence, the British resident at Lahore. In the summer of 1848 he suppressed an uprising in Mooltan, and for his services received the thanks of lioth Houses of Parliament and was brevetted major. He wrote an account of the campaign, entitled .4 Year on the Punjah Frontier in JS'it^-'if). During the Indian Mutiny in 1857 Edwanles rendered in- valuable services by securing the neutrality of Afghanistan, thus enabling the troojis to be with- drawn from the northwest border and used effec- tively in the relief of Delhi and Lueknow. He was "offered the Ciovernorship of the Punjab in 1802, but refused it on account of failing health, which compelled his return to England, He died shortly after being ])romoted to the rank of major-general. The town of Banu in the Punjab was renamed, in his honor, Edwardesabad. ED'WARDS, Amelia Blandford (1831-92). An English novelist and Eg^-ptologist. She was born in London, and tirst liecanie known by her contriluitions to English periodicals. She at- tracted attention as a novelist by .l/.v Urothcr's ^Vife (1855) ; Hand and Glove (1859) : In the Dai/s of Mil Youth (1872): Lord ISriielcenburi/ { 1880) ; and other stories of considerable merit. A book entitled .1 Thousand Mile.i I'p the Kile (1877) is illustrated by her own sketches, and gives an account of one of her exploring expedi- tions in Egvpt. Also noteworthv is I'hnniolis. Fellahs, and Explorers (1891)," The last ten years of her life were strictly devoted to the study of Egyptology, on which suliji'ct she con- Iribuled articles to the ninth edition of (he En- cijeUijuvdia Dritannica and to the .American supplement to that work, and definitions to the iSliindard Dietionari/. besides lecturing with great success both in England and . ierica. EDWARDS, Bei.a B.vtes (1802-52). An .iiiii iiaii clergAinan and author, born at Sonfli- amplon (Hanipsliire County), ^lass. He gradu- ated at . iherst College in 1824 and at Andover Theological Seminary "in 1830. In 1837 he was elecled professor of Hebrew, and in 1848 as- sociate professor of sacred literature, at Andover. .t various times he was the editor of periodicals.
