EGGLESTON. 685 EGILL. End of the World (1872) : Mi/stcn/ of Mctropo- lisvillc (1873) ; Thv Circuit liidvr ( 1874) ; Koj-ii (1878). He now b('<;aii. with the help of his daughter, Mrs. Lillie K. Seelyc, the publication ol juvenile biographies of Anieriean Indians: Tecumseh (1878): Pocahontas and Pouhatan (1879): Brant and Red Jacket (1879); Monte- zuma (1880). In 1883 he returned to Indiana fiction in The Hoosicr School Hoi/, continuing with The (Iraysons (188S), The Faith Doctor (1891). Duffels (1893). His biographical studies led him to a wider study of American histoiy, in which lie was mainly interested during his last years. Among his works in this field are .1 House- hold Histori/ of the United States (1888), and a series of volumes on the development of Ameri- can society, The Beginners of a Xatio)i (1896), and The Transit of Cicili::ation (1900) — which are marked by a very minute knowledge of Colonial life and thought, and with their at- tractive style are among the best of recent American histories, in spite of a certain want of sympathy with the mental attitude of the epochs descril>ed. EGGLESTON, George Cart (1839—). An American editor, novelist, and miscellaneous ■writer, brother of Edward Eggleston. He was born at Vevay, Ind., and was educated at Asbury Uni- versity. Ind., and Richmond College, Va. He studied law. practiced, and ser-ed in the Confed- erate Army throughout the Civil War. He then lived for a time in the West, but was later en- gaged on the Brookl^-n I'nion (1S70-71). In met- ropolitan journalism he served as managing edi- tor of Hearth and Home (1871-74); editor of American Homes (1874-75); literary editor of the Xew York Evening Post (1875-8i) ; literary editor of the Commercial Advertiser ( 1884 I . later its editor-in-chief (188G-89). and finally a mem- ber of the staflr of The World. He "wrote A Rebel's Recollections (1874). and also numerous books for the young. More important are such novels as Southern Soldier Stories (1890) ; The Last of the Flatboats (1900) : A Carolina Cava- lier (1901); and Dorothy South (1902). EGGPLANT (Solanum melonfirnn) . A plant, native of tlie tropics, usually less than two feet high, with stem partially woody; the fruit re- sembles an eo^a in shape, and varies from the size of a hen's egg to six or even eight inches in diameter, in color generally violet, white, or yellow. The fruit is much used as a vegetable in warm countries, especially in the East Indies. It is successfully grown in the northern portion of the United States when started in a hotbed. The white-fruited varieties are said to be most popular in Europe, but in America the black and purple varieties are most in favor. The early dwarf j)urpte is an especially good variety for the Xorthern States. The New York purple and black Pekin are excellent shipping varieties. The plant grows well in the South on almost any good soil, and gives better results with commer- cial fertiliaers than with fresh barnyard manure. Egopi.axt Di.seases. The diseases to which the eggplant is subject are neither numerous nor verj' destructive, although at times they become epidemic, scarcely a plant escaping. The anthrac- nose (Oltcosporium melonr/ena) attacks the fruits, producing small sunken areas which con- tain minute pink blotches. A mold (Botrytis fascicutaris) attacks the fruit, causing a rapid softening in spots, accompanied with a gray mold on the surface. A leaf-spot due to the fungus Phyllosticta hortorum attacks the leaves, causing the tissues to turn brown, dry up, and fall away, leaving ragged holes. The fruit may also be attacked by this fungus, after which soft, sunken patches appear. The disease spreads until the entire fruit is a rotten mass. All these diseases may be checked in their spread by the use of anj- of the standard fungicides; e.g., Bor- deaux mixture. A bacterial disease caused by Bacillus solanncearum is sometimes very destruc- tive. For illustration see Plate of U..hdex 'Kr.KT.I!I.ES. EGGSHELL CHINA. A very thin and trans- lucent variety of china, originally made in China, but now produced in European factories. EGG-TOOTH. A hard, sharp prominence on the tip of the beak or nose of embryo birds and egg-born reptiles, enabling them to break through the egg-shell at hatching time without injury to the organ. It is described by Xewton as composed of calcareous matter, not connected with the underlying bone, deposited in the middle layer of the epidermis of the tip of the upper mandible (of birds). In both birds and reptiles it peels off and is dropped soon after the hatching. An analogous arrangement appears in the great jaws of certain insects, used only for freeing themselves from their cocoons ; and Darwin, Origin of Species (London, 1882), bases an argu- ment for his theory of natural selection upon tlie existence of such temporary structures, serv- ing a highly important service only once in an animal's lifetime, pointing out that a small su- periority of equipment in this respect might alone save the life of the animal at the critical moment of its attempting to escajie from the egg, and that those best endowed would he most likely to sur- vive and perpetuate this useful feature. EGHAM, eg'oni. A village in the northwest of Surrey, England, on the right baiik of the Thames, 18 miles west of London (Map: Eng- land, F 5). In the vicinity are Runnymede (q.v.) and Cooper's Hill, rendered famous by Denham and Pope. EGIDY, a-ge'de. Moritz vox (1847-98). A German soldier and writer on ethical topics. He Avas born at ilainz. entered a Brandenburg regi- ment as lieutenant in 186.5, and a cavalry regi- ment of the army of Saxony in 1808. He attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1889, and in 1890 retired from the service. His pamphlet, Ernste Gedanlen (1890), was widely circulated, aroused much discussion and comment, and was the basis of the so-called "Egidy Bewegung" (movement), which in a rather ill-defined way sought to effect a non-sectarian and tindogmatic Christianity. Weitcres zu den Enisten Oednnkrn (1890) and Aushau der Ernsten Cledanken (1891) were sup- plementary, and in 1892 a quarterly, Einigcs Christentum, appeared at Kiel (from 1899 at Berlin as a bi-monthly with the title Ernstes Wollen). Consult Driesmans and Miilberger, Moritz ron Egidi/. sein Leben und Wirken (Dres- den, 2 vrils.. 1900). EG'ILL SKALLAGRIMSSON (c.900-c.980). An Icelandic skald. His parents were among those who were forced to emigrate after Harold Fairhair's victory at Ilafrs Fjord. Egill en- tered the service of the Fnglisli King .thelstan in i>2."), and fought under him for several years.
