GOVERNMENT. the functions of government have not made greater progress in llie two most democratic States iu existence — England and the United States — appears to be due to the hirge part which the conceptions of individual liberty and jirivate rights play in their political thinking, and to their consequent jealousy of any extension of State action. See Political Science; So- cialism. For the methods of governmental action, see Administrative Law; Civil Administration; Civil Service; Coi'et; Law. Bibliography. The authorities are numerous. Only the most important can here be given. Aristotle. The PoUficx (.Jowett's translation) ; Plato, Republic, and Dialoyiics (Jowett's trans- lation) ; Cicero, On the Commonwealth, and On the Lan^s; Machiavelli, The Prince (Jlorley's translation), and Dixcourses on the First Decade of Livy (Thomson's trans.) ; Locke, Civil Govern- ment ; Hobbes, Leinaihan ; Rousseau, The Social Contract: Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws; Db Tocqueville, Democracy in America ; Guizot. Rep- resentative Government ; John Stuart Mill, Lib- erty, and Reqwesentatire Government ; The Fed- eralist ; Woolsey, Political Science; Burgess, Political Science; Bagehot, The English Ccm- stitiition; Amos, Laiv and Custom of the Con- stitution; Dicey, The Latv of the Constitution : Br.yce, The American Commonwealth; Wilson, The State: Mulford, The Nation; .Jenks, Law and Politics in the Middle Afies (New York, 1898) : Dunning, A Uisdory of Political Theories (New York, 1002) ; Giercke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages (llaitland's trans.) ; Wood, Government and the State (New York, 1002); Blunt.sehli. Staatslehre. Consult the authorities referred to under Constitutional Law; Inter- K.VTIQNAL Law; Jt'RISPRUDENCE ; POLITICAL SCI- ENCE; and the various titles which are referred to above. GOVERNMENT LAND. All land within the United States the title to which is not in a State or an individual. This includes all land occupied for governmental purposes, as for military or naval posts and stations, public buildings, etc.. but the tenn is popularly used as being STOony- mous with 'public lands.' In this sense, only such land, owned by the Government, as is nnsuiweyed and ojien to sale or occupation under the 'Home- stead LaAvs,' is included. Land may be acquired by the Government for public use under the poer of eminent domain, and projxTty thus acquired would lie 'Government land" in the broadest sense, but not as the term is commonly used, as such lands would not be o)ien to public occupation and preemption. See Eminent Domain; Homestead Laws; Lands, Pctjlic. GOVERNMENT'S ISLAND. See EocK Isl- and. GOVERNOR (OF. govcrncor. Fr. gouverneur. It. governatore, from Lat. nubevnator, governor, pilot, from gitbernare, to pilrtt. from Gk. Kvfiepvav, kybernnn, to steer). The chief executive officer in the States of the American Union. He is elected by the people of the State, and his rights and duties are. in general, those usually asso- ciated with the head of the e"xecutive department in a republican form of government, namely, the appointment of certain classes of officials, the exercise of the pardoning power and the right of veto and the command of the State militia. The 90 GOW. tenn of office and the specific limitations on the Governor's powers vary, naturally, from State to State, and will be found under the heading Gov- ernment, in the articles on the did'erent States. GOVERNOR. A device for controlling the runiiing spied of a steam-engine, gas-engine, water-wheel, or other motor. They are made in a variety of forms and with various methods of action. In all. the action is in substance to in- crease or decrease' the supply of the motive power as the speed or the load decreases or in- creases, and thus to preserve a constant s])eed. The steam-en- gine governor, one form of which is shown in the illustration (see Steam-Exgine) , is .an excellent example. The balls, which are mount- ed on a spindle revolved by gearing or belting connected with the main shaft, tend to fly out from the centre by cen- trifugal force as the increased. In so doing and allow the proper STEAM-ENGINE GOVERNOR. speed of the engine is they act on the valves amount of steam to pass from the boiler to the cylinder. See Gas-Engines ; Water-Wheel. GOVERNOR'S ISLAND. An island in Bos- ton Harbor, ilassachusetts, occujiied entirely by the National Government for purposes of defense. The i)rincipal fortification is Fort Winthrop. GOVERNOR'S ISLAND. A small island in the Bay of New York, near the lower point of Ivlanhattan Island, at the entrance of the East River (Map: Greater New York. D 9). Its area is fiS acres. It is occupied entirely by the Federal Government for military and naval pur- poses. The forts are Columbus. Castle William, and South Battery. There are some fine build- ings for the principal officers, and the island is usually the headquarters of the military division of the .Atlantic. The ordnance department hag a de]iot here. See Fort Columbus. GOVI. go've. GiLRERTO (1820-80). An Italian scientist, born at Mantua. He successively occu- pied the chair of physics at Florence, Turin, and Naples. He was a voluminous writer and en- joyed considerable repute as a scientist, in which capacity he represented Italy at the International Commission on the Metrical System, held at Paris. Tlis principal literary productions include: Metodo 2^er determinare la lunahezrja del pcndolo (ISOr.) : Galileo Galilei (1864): Romacinosi e Velcttro-magnctismo (1800); II Sant' Uffizio, Copernico e Galileo (1872); Leonardo letterato e scienziato. Studio snl gcnio e sullr scoprrte di Leonardo dii Vinci (1872) : and Tcoria dell' elet- troforo (1882). GOVIND. The familiar scavenging kite of East Indian towns. See Kite. GOW, gou. Neil (1727-1S07). A Scotch violin- player, born at Tnvcr. near Dunkeld. He had played the violin from boyhood, but received some instruction from .Tohn Cameron, a retainer of the Stuarts. He was patronized by many of the Scotch nobility, especiallj' the Duke of Athol, and
