GRATZ. 153 GRAUDENZ. GRATZ, or GRAZ, griits. The capital of the Austrian L'ruwnland of Styria. pic-turi'squely sit- uated iu a beautiful region, on both sides of the Mur, about 140 miles southwest of ienna by rail (Map: Austria, D 3). The inner Umn, on the left bank of the river, connected with the to i on the right bank by seven bridges, is built around the Schlossberg. formerly a strongly for- tilied hill, and since the destruction of the for- tilications by the French in ISO!) laid out in charming pleasure gi'ounds. The view is famous from the Schlossberg, which is ascended by a cable railway. The city park is located on this hill, and is a noteworthy example of the English style. The old bastions of the city have nearly disappeared. Among the more notable buildings are the Gothic cathedral, completed in 1462, and interesting on account of its fine stained-glass windows, altarpieces. and reli<piaries (the adjoining mausoleum with an oniate facade contains the tomb of Emperor Ferdinand II.) ; the parish church, with a fine altarpiece by Tin- toretto; an ancient Gothic church of the Teutonic Knights, dating from the thirteenth centun'; the splendid Renaissance Landhaus, or Hall of the Estates, the place of assembly of the Styrian Diet, dating from 1569; the arsenal, with a large and excellent collection of ancient weapons, and the Imperial palace, built in the eleventh centurj'. Among the more modem build- ings are the German Renaissance Rathaus, the university buildings, the law courts, the mu- seum, aiid the Joanneum, with an important natural-history collection and other collections, and a library of 140.000 volumes. There are notewortliy monuments to Francis I. and Arch- duke John. Gratz is well supplied with educational institu- tions, having in addition to the university (see Gkatz. University of) a technical high school, several gymnasia, and industrial and trade schools. The provincial picture gallery includes examples of Tintoretto and Cranaeh. The chari- table institutions are numerous and well equipped, and there are several art and scientific associations. Gratz has important and rapidly growing manufactures of steel and iron products (especially steel rails), leather, pajier, woolen cloths, hats, perfumery articles, excellent cham- pagne, etc. There are extensive railway shops, an important book and publishing company, and large savings banks. Owing to its position on the direct railway line between Vienna and Triest, Gratz is favorably situated as an intermediary station for the trade between the Austrian capital and the Adriatic provinces. It is the seat of the superior courts for Styria, Carinthia. and Car- niola. and of the Prince Bishop of Seckau. Popu- lation, in ISnO. 112.069; in 1900. 1.38,370. The environs are delightful, offering fine views and interesting excursions. Gratz first appears in 1129. though its origin undoubtedly goes back to a far earlier date. In the fifteenth eenturj' it was the favorite residence of the Roman Emperors, and later became a strong centre of resistance to Turkish conquest. It was occupied by the French in 1797. 1805. and 1809. Since ISfiO it has developed rapidly. Con- sult Gsell Fels. Graz und seine Vingehung (3d ed., Munich, 1898). GRATZ, University of. A university of Styria, Austria-Hungary, founded as a Jesuit college in 1573. After a somewhat checkered ca- rter, culminating in the eiglitecntli century, it was reorganized in 1S26, 184!), and 1863, and is, in 1903, the fourth in importance of Austrian universities. It comprisi s faculties in theology, law, medicine, and pliilosopliy. Its library is especially rich. The number of students in 1901 was 1650. GRAU, grou, ^Maurice ( 1849— ) . An operatic manager, born in Briimi, Moravia, but a resident of the United States after 1854. lie wa, educated in the schools of the city of Xew York, and after- wards graduated from the College of the City of New York, then known as the Free Academy. He entered the service of his uncle, who was a well-known operatic and dramatic manager; and made his own first venture as an impresario by bringing Aimee to the United States in 1872. The following year he organized the Kellogg English Opera Company, and also instituted a series of dramatic performances, starring Salvini, and acting as Rubinstein's manager. In 1897 the Maurice Grau Opera Company was formed and incorporated, and he became the manager of the Metropolitan Opera House, Xew York, which po- sition he resigned in 1903. He was also appointed manager of the Royal Opera in Covent Garden, London, being succeeded, however, in 1 90 1 by Andre ilessager. GRAU, Miguel (1834-79). A South Ameri- can naval officer, born at Piura, Peru, He studied in the naval school at Callao, entered the Peru- vian Xavy as midshipman in 1852, and was ap- pointed to the command of the turret-ship Huas- car in 1871, Subsequently he was a Deputy in the Peruvian Congress, and director of the Naval Academy. In 1879. upon the outbreak of the war with Chile, he entered active service as rear- admiral, and with the ironclads Uuascar and Independeneia as the chief part of his fleet for a time maintained a successful warfare against the Chilean Xa%-y, He lost the Independeneia by foundering in an attack upon the blockading ves- sels at Iquique, and afterwards was attacked in the Buascar oflf Point Angamos by two Chilean ironclads. He was killed by the explosion of a shell, and the Huascar was compelled to sur- render, A memorial to Grau was erected by the nation at Lima. GRATT, Rudolph Friedrich (1835-93). A German Lutheran theologian. He was born at Heringen-on-the-Werra, and was educated at Leip- zig. Erlangen. and Marburg, where he became a member of the faculty in 1865. In 1866 he ac- cepted a chair in the University of Kijnigsberg. His numerous works, chiefly on race influence in relig- ion, the importance of faith, and kindred subjects, include: Semiten und Indogermanen i)i ihrer Bezie- hunfi zu Religion und Wissenschaft (2d ed. 1S67) ; Bibeheerh fiir die Gemeinde (with several other Lutheran clergymen, 2d ed. 1889) ; Die Juden- frage und ihr (feheimnis'{SSl) : Luthers Kate- ehismus erklurt aus bibliseher Theologie (1891) ; Zur Inspirationslehre und xum ernten Kapitel der Bibel (1892). Several of his works on faith, such as Der Glaube die wahre Lebensphitosopliie (1881), were translated into English for mis- sionary schools. GRATTBUNDEN, grou'bun'dcn. The eastern- most canton of Switzerland. See Grison.s. GRAUDENZ, grou'dcnts. A town of Prussia, in the Province of West Prussia, situated on the
