GBEEK CHUBCH. 222 GREEK CHURCH. canonically consecrated after passing from lay- man through all the clerical ranks to that of patriarcii in six days, proved too subservient to liardas, the uncle of the Emperor, ilichael the Drunken, and the virtual ruler, he was deposed by Pope Xicliolas I. in 803. The deposed Patriarch appealed to the dilTerences between the churches, especially the doctrine of the procession of the Holy Ghost, and the practice of celibacy among the Latin clerg)', and, finding supporters, actual schism ensued. Under the next Emperor, Basil, this schism was healed, and though later Photius once more became Patriarch, he was finally ban- ished in 886, by the Emperor Leo the Philosopher. It was almost two centuries before there was another open rupture, though there always re- mained some insecurity in the relations between Pope and Patriarch. In 1054 Michael Cerularius was finally excommunicated by Pope Leo IX. for fomenting heresy. Since then the schism lias continued, although many attempts have been made to i-epair it. In 1098 at a synod held at Bari, by invitation of Pope Urban II., the fa- mous Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, stated the doctrine of the procession of the Holy Ghost in the hope of winning back the Greeks, but without efl'ect. The presence of the Crusaders in the East might have been expected to renew .sympathy between the churches. But the rapacity and cruelty manifested in the establishment of the Latin Empire at Constantinople widened the breach between East and West. The Greek Emperors, partly perhaps through political mo- tives, in order to get help from the West against the advancing Moslems, endeavored to bring about Church union. Michael Paleologus (see Paleologi'S ) sent ambassadors to the Covmcil of Lyons in 1274, who formally abjured the schism. The bishops refused to ratify the union thus brought about. John Paleologus a century and a half later brought about a reopening of negotiations for union. The Patriarch of Con- stantinople and a number of Church dignitaries from the East attended the Council of Ferrara and Florence, held in 1438-39. All the doctrinal points of difi'erenee were discussed, and the Greek Churchmen present, with the single ex- ception of JIark, Bishop of Ephesus, formally signed the decrees of the council. The action of the Greek bishops was repudiated by the majority of the Greek clergy. The downfall of the Greek Empire in 1453 obliterated all trace of the reconciliation. A number of at- tempts have been made by Protestant com- munions to establish an understanding with the Greek Church. Melanchthon addressed a letter to the Patriarch Joseph of Constantinople, through a deacon of the Church, who visited Ger- many in 1558. Two well-known Tubingen divines, Andrcfc and Crusius, visited Constantinople dur- ing the patriarchate of Jeremias, 1570 to 1581. Both missions were unsuccessful. In the follow- ing century the celebrated Cyril Lticaris (see Lrc.Ris1. who was educated in the West, and carried home with him a strong but well-concealed bias toward Protestantism, was elevated to the patriarchate, and issued a decidedly Calvinistic confession of faith (1029). This caused Lucaris's deposition, and called forth a doctrinal declara- tion signed by the patriarchs of Constantinople. Alexandria, and Antioch. and many metropoli- tans and bishops, which by the clearness and de- cision of its definitions draws the line so marked- ly between the Greeks and Reformers as to shut out all possibility of accommodation in matters of doctrine. This exposition, the author of which was Peter Jlogilas, iletropolitan of Kiev, and which was published in 1040, was adopted in a s_ynod held in Jerusalem (1072) as the creed of the Greek Church. In 1722 it was published by order of Peter the Great as the authorized formu- lary of the Russian Church. It difl'ers very little from the formularies of the Roman Catholic Church. The doctrinal diflferences between the Greek and Roman churches consist chiefly in the rejec- tion by the Greeks of the word Filioque (q.v. ) in the creed, in which the Greeks disagree with all Trinitarians: in their rejection of the su- premacy of the Pope, and of the word purgatory, though they believe in a state of purgation after death, and in the efficacy of pra.vers for the dead. They teach seven sacraments, though the ritual of their administration difl'ers somewhat from the Roman. Baptism is by triple immersion. Confirmation is given with baptism even to in- fants, and by priests, not bishops exclusively. The Greek Church teaches transubstantiation, just as the Latin, and the adoration of the Host, though this has been denied by Protestants. It uses leavened instead of unleavened bread for the sacrament, and gives communion in both kinds even to children. Extreme unction has certain special rites, and may be given several times during the same illness. There are ritual peculiarities also in the administration of Holy Orders. (See Orders. Holy.) Marriage is al- lowed to priests and deacons before ordination, and is in fact rather encouraged. Bishops are required to be celibate, and are consequently se- lected from the monastic orders. Second mar- riage, however, or marriage with a Vidow, is not permitted. Prayers to the Blessed Virgin and the saints, whose pictures are exposed for ven- eration, are common. Graven images are not per- mitted, except of the Cross, though crucifixes are not used. The sign of the ci'oss is often em- ployed. Instrumental music is not allowed in the' churches, but vocal music, by male voices only, is develojjcd to a wonderfully impressive degree. In general the splendor of ceremonial is not inferior to that of the Latin Church. The Holy Mysteries are celebrated in a sanctuary entirely separated by a partition from the rest of the church. During Lent, except on Saturdays and Sundays, there is only the mass of the pre- sanctified, as in the Roman Church on Good Friday. (See Holy Week.) The people pray standing, facing the east, and kneel only at Pentecost. The Greeks believe firmly in the merit of good works and of self-denial. Monastic insti- tutions have existed in the Greek Church from the earliest times, and there are nvunerons con- vents of both sexes which follow almost exclu- sively the rule of Saint Basil. This enjoins pov- erty.' chastity, and obedience. The monks are not priests as a rule, but they are bound to recite the Divine Ofiice. They are not permitted by rule to eat meat. Of the three important divisions of the Greek Church, that in the Turkish dominions is under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constanti- nople, who is the acknowledged superior of the three other patriarchs of Alexandria. Antioch, and .Terusalem. The patriarch is named by the patriarchal community, consisting of the digui-
