GREELEY. 241 GREELY. that made him willinj,' to go to Canada in 1804, with the unofficial sanction of Lincoln, to hold a conference, which proved fruitless, with George N. Sanders, Jacob Thompson, and Bever- ly Tucker, the Confederate agents, on the subject of peace. At the close of the war he advocated the doctrine of universal amnesty and universal sull'rage. lie held that the prolonged imjirison- ment of .Jell'erson Davis, without indictment or trial, was a palpable infraction of the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution, and he therefore joined with Cerrit Smith and others in signing the bail-bond of the late head of the Confederacy. This action, in the existing state of public senti- ment at the North, brought upon him much odium. In 1861 he was a candidate for the Re- publican nomination for United States Senator, but was defeated by Ira Harris. In IS04 ho served as a Presidential elector, and in 1809 was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Comptroller of the State of New York. In 1870 he was a candidate for Congress in the Sixth New York District, but was defeated, the district being overwhelmingly Democratic. He neverthe- less ran 300 votes ahead of the Republican State ticket. In 1872 he was opposed to the renomi- nation of General Grant for a second term, and cooperated with a body of Liberal Republicans who held a convention in Cincinnati, on May 1st, in advance of the regular Republican con- vention, to nominate another candidate. On the sixth ballot the nomination fell to Jlr. Gree- ley, and was accepted by him. Much doubt has been expressed with regard to the wisdom of Mr. Greeley in allowing himself under the circum- stances to be made a candidate for President upon the platform adopted by this party (see LiRKRAi, R?:iTBLicAN PARTY) ; but he himself considered that he thereby merely reaffirmed the principles for which he had contended as a Re- pul)!ican. and that he neither made nor proposed any concession whatever to those who had o])posed and resisted these principles. When the Demo- cratic Party adopted that platform in its en- tirety and without qualifieation. and nominated him as their candidate for President, he recog- nized the political unwisdom of their action, but accepted it as the sign and pledge of a now de- parture, and believed that if he should be elected there would be an end of all political schemes having their root in the spirit of slavery, and calculated to array the South against the North. A man of sensitive spirit and of great pride, he was deeply wounded., disappointed, and mortified on .Inding himself accused by many of his old « friends of having thrown away his principles, and of having entered into a conspiracy to turn over the government of the country to the con- trol of the men who had instigated the Civil War. The popular vote cast for him amoiuited to 2.S;14.079, against 3,597,070 for General Grant; but the only States carried by him were Georgia, Kentiicky, Marj-land, Missouri. Tennessee, and Texas. He had overtasked his powers for many years. Near the close of the campaign he was called upon to watch at the bedside of his dying wife. During the whole contest his powers of endurance were strained to the utmost, and when it was at last over, he was prostrated by a disorder of the brain, and. sinking rapidlv. died on November29,1872. He published: Uinta Tnirnrd neforms (18.50;: Glances at Europe (1851); History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or h'cstriction in the United Slates (185G); Over- hind Journey to San Francisco (1860); The American Vunflict (2 vols., 1864-601; Recollec- tions of a liusy Life (1S6S) ; Essays Uesigiwd to Elucidate the Science of I'olilieal Economy (1869) ; and H7i«( / Know of Farming (1871). Consult: The biographies of Greeley by I'arton (New York, 1855; later edition, lio'stoii, 1872) ; by Reavis (New York. 1872) ; by lngers(jll (Chi- cago, 1873) ; and by Zabriskie (New York, 1890). Consult also A Memorial of Horace Greeley CSew York, 1S73). GREE'LY, AD0LP11U.S Washington (1844—). An American Arctic explorer and meteorologist. He was born in Newburyport, ]Iass., where he received a high-school education. In July, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Massa- chusetts Yolunteer Infantry, in which he served throughout the war, being thrice wounded and receiving the brevet of major on being mustered out in 1805. In 1807 he was appointed a second lieutenant in the Regular Army. In the following year he was detailed for duty in the Signal Corps. In 1876-79 he directed the construction of over two thousand miles of military telegraph in Dakota, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and Texas. In 1881 he was appointed to command the Gov- ernment expedition planned in pursuance of the recommendations of the International Cieographi- cal Congress at Hamburg, in 1879, that thirteen circumpolar stations be established in the Arctic regions. The destination of the expedition, which included twenty-five men and was provisioned for three years, was Lady Franklin Bay on the north- east coast of Grinnell Land. The party wintered two years at Discoveiy Harbor, Grinnell Land, whence expeditions were sent both into the in- terior of Grinnell Land, and across the straits into Greenland, one of the exploring parties under Lockwood and Brainard reaching, in May, 1882, latitude 83^ 24', the farthest north attained up to that time. After making geographical discoveries of great vafue and recording extensive meteorologi- cal observations the party set out to return south- ward in August, 1883. Reaching Cape Sabine with great difficulty, they spent there the winter of 1883, during which all save seven perished from cold and starvation. Meanwhile, in the suiiuners of 1882 and 1883, efforts had been made to com- municate by ship with the party. Init both had failed. The survivors were rescued at Cape Sa- bine by a relief expedition under Conunander W. S. Schley, in June, 1884. For his services to geo- graphical science. Lieutenant Greely was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, and the Roquette Medal by the Societe de Geographic. Paris, and was promoted to the rank of captain in the L^nited States .rmy. In 1887 he was aiipointed by President Cleveland to suc- ceed Gen. W. B. Hazen as chief signal officer, with tlie rank of brigadier-general. His publications include: Three Years of Arctic Serrice (2 vols., 1885); American Weather (1800); American Explorers and Travellers (1894); Handbook of Arctic Discoreries (1890) ; and numerous reports of much value, among which are: Chronological List of Auroras (18811 : Diurnal Fhirliialions of Barometric Pressure (1891) ; Prorrrdings of the Lady Franl.-lin Bay Expedition (1888) Rainfall of ^Ycstern States and Territories (1888): and Climatology of Arid Regions (1891). He also edited Public Documents nf the First Fourteen Congresses, nS.'rlSn (1900). Consult, in addi-
