GRIESBACH. •281 GKIFFIN. history of this science. His classification of the ancient authorities for the text, i.e. manuscripts, versions, and citations, into three great families, Alexandrine, Western, and Byzantine, is still recognized as suhstantially correct. His formu- lation of the principles according to which the evidence for or against variant readings should be weighed was valuable, though his application of the same was too mechanical. He published several critical editions of the Greek Xew Testa- ment, of which the second (Halle and London, 1796-1808) is the most important. Of his other writings, his Si/mbolw Criticw ad Siipplciidas ct Corrir/endas ^ arias Novi I'estamenti Lcctiones (1785-93) deserves most attention. GRIESINGER, gre'zing-er, Karl Tiieodou (1809-84). A German author. He was born at Kirnbach, Baden, and was educated at Tubingen. Accused of treasonable utterances published in the Volkswehr, a radical journal edited by him during the Revolution of 1848, he was imprisoned for two years. From 1852 to 1857 he lived in the United States, and as the fruit of his ob- seiTations there published the interesting works entitled: Lcbende Bilder aus Amerika (1858); Emigrant enfiPRchicht en (1858); Die alle Brau- crei, oder Kriminnlmi/sterieii roil Seio York (1859) ; and Land mid Leiite in Amerika (2d ed. 1S63). His descriptions of Swabian life are also popular, while the work entitled Die Maitressen- mrtsehaft in DcutscJdaiid iin llten tuid ISten Jahrhuiideri (1874) is an interesting descrip- tion of the Court life of Germany in former times. GRIESINGER, WlLHELM (1817-68). A Ger- man physician. He was born at Stuttgart, and was educated at Tiibingen, Zurich, and Paris. After holding a professorship at Kiel, he accepted a call in 1850 to Cairo, Egypt, where he became physieian-in-ordinary to Abbas Pasha. Viceroy of Egypt, and director of the medical school, which positions he held until 1852. He subse- quently became associated as director with sev- eral prominent institutions for nervous diseases and insanity in Germany, and also held professor- ships at Zurich and Berlin, where he foiuided the Archiv fiir Psi/cliiatrie uiid yervcnkrank- heiten. His chief publications include: Pathol- ogie und Therapic der psyekischcn Krankheiten (3d ed. 1871), and Infektionskraiikliciteii (2d ed. 18G4). GRIEXrX, gre'e', Le Chevalier i>e. The hero of Prevost's Manon Leseaut, and the lover of Manon. He accompanied her on the transport to New Orleans, and after her death returned to France. GRIFFENFELD, grif'fen-feld, Peder Schu- macher. Count (1035-99). A Danish statesman, born at Copenhagen, son of .a wine merchant of German extraction. He was educated by private tutors, then at the University of Copenhagen, and after his father's death (1650) at Levden (1655- 57) and at Oxford (1657-60). On h'is return to Denmark (1662), after travels in France, Italy, and Germany, he gained the favor of King Fred- erick 111., and was appointed head of the privy archives and librarian on the new royal founda- tion. He was a zealous supporter of the King's claim to absolute power, and framed the Lr.r Rrt/ia Danica ; was in 1671 rapidly advanced imder Christian V.. was knighted and became a Privy Councilor, and two years later the King made him Chancellor and a Count of Denmark. But liis position and liis foreign policy made him rivals and many enemies, and in 1676 he was charged with high treason. The death sentence, though pronounced, was not carried out, but he was imprisoned, and gained his freedom only a }'ear before his death. GRIF'FIN. A city and the county-seat of Spalding County, Ga., 43 miles south of Atlantii, on the Southern and the Central of Georgia rail- roads (Map: Georgia, B 2). It has an extensive trade, being the centre of a prodtictive cotton and fruit-growing region. There are large cotton mills and gins, an iron-foundry and machine- shop, a chair-factory, etc. The city has sunie reputation as a resort, and is near the site of the Slate Experimental Fann. The water-works and electric-liglit plant are owned by the municipalitj'. ropulatiim, in 1890, 4503; in 1900, 6857. GRIFFIN (from OF. grifon, Fr. griffon. ilL. grypho, from Lat. grijphus, grillin, variant of grijps, from Gk. tpvij/, gryps, grilTon, from ypvirds, grypos, hook-nosed; confused by popular etymol- ogy with Gk. yi^, gyps, vulture). A fabulous creature, half animal, half bird, imagined by the ancients. It was usually described in literature and represented in art as having the head, beak, and wings of an eagle and the body and legs of a lion. This creature was conceived by the peoples of the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates as one of the chimerical genii or natural forces in the service of the powers of good, like the bull and the lion, either animal-headed or human- headed, but less material than these, and like them a gu.irdian and protector of man and the treasures of earth. Among the Babylonians its evil counterpart was the dragon Tiamat. In Assyrian sculpture it is represented in colossal size on a slab from Koyunjik in the British JIu- seum and in the embroidered figures on the royal robes. It was even more popular in Persian art, being given as rampant, with high crest, on re- liefs from the royal palaces (e.g. Persepolis), and on cylinders and seals. Thence the myth passed to the ^Egean peoples and to the Greeks, as well as to the Hittites and Egyptians. The griffin appears on the battle-axe of King Amasis. in Syrian and Phoenician gems, and on bas-reliefs from Jlycena?. The form of the legend in historic Greek times betrays its Oriental derivation. It appears on the great bronze Phoenician shields from Jlount Ida in Crete, on the imported Phoenician and Greek ob- jects in early Italian graves, on Corinthian vases — usually in a long procession of griffins. It is recorded that gi-iffins formed part of the decoration of the bronze paterii ordered by the Samians (c. 640 B.C.). (Herodotus iv. 152.) Latei it appeared on the helmet of Phidias's famous statue of Athena. It was also con- nected by the Greeks with other deities, such as Dionysus and Nemesis, but especially with the twin gods Artemis and Apolle. Artemis, in her form adapted from the Persians, holds in each hand a griffin, on archaic Greek vases and on archaistic sculptures such as the throne in the Dionysus Theatre at Athens. Even more close was the association with the sun-god, Apollo, whose chariot it is often represented as drawing, especially in that form of his myth which repre- sents him as withdrawing each year to the re- gions of the north. The early Greek writers, such as Hesiod and Aristeas, describe the griffins
