GRIMM'S LAW. 288 GRIND AL. i]t, q'-'t become ht (Gk. kX/tttis, thief, Goth, an electric-lighting and power plant. It is chiefly hliflus; Skt. nakti, night, Goth, nahts), while famous for its inuiu-nsc fishing trade, hut has q- anil gUh have a more complex development ship-building works. Ijreweries, tanneries, lla.- than can be outlined here. dressing and bone-crushing mills, and manure k t P S d b gh db bb Skt. kampate trayas pad JSnu daniayati stighDoti rudbira bbratar Gk. Tpets ybvv da/xav (ppaTwp Lat. capere tres pes genu doaiare tribus ruber f rater The cause of both sound-shiftings has been ex- plained as an increase in the speed of utterance, but this theory is open to many objections. The change seems to be due in reality to an increased force of expiration of the vocal current. Thus it is evident experimentally that an increased stress on a media or sonant will produce a tenuis or surd, as in the emphatic pronunciation of such a word as "Gad!" and in like manner em- phatic aspiration, as in the change of t to th, is a recognized phonetic phenomenon. It is note- ^vorthy that changes to some extent analogous to the operation of Grimm's law are found in other languages. Thus in the Bantu group of South Africa a similar change may be observed, and among the Indo-Germanic dialects the Armenian (q.v.) is conspicuous for its change of the old tenues to medite, and of the old medife to tenues ( e.g. Old Armenian p, d := New Armenian 6, /). Chronologically the first sound-shifting seems to have been carried out between B.C. 500 and 250. It began with the change of the tenues to tenues aspirata>, which then became, as in Greek, voice- less spirants (e.g. t became th, then p). The second change was that of the Indo-Germanic media; aspiratfe to voiced spirants, ami then to media; (e.g. dh became (J, then d) . This was ac- complished less uniformly than the first change, so that g long retained its spirant value. Verner's law (q.v.) seems to have come into operation at this period. The third change was that of the Indo-.Germanic mcdia> to tenues. The second or High (iermanic sound-shifting apparently took place between the fifth and seventh centuries. ■The earliest was th#t of the voiceless f to the voiced 6, whence came d. This began in the Oberdeutsch dialects Alemannic and Bavarian, spread to the Middle Frankish, and finally in- cluded the Xiederdeutseh group of Lower Frank- ish and Saxon. The other changes of the second sound-shifting followed, with the limitations al- ready noted, the same geographical course. See Gersian Language ; Phonetic Law ; Phonet- ics ; ^'EK^•ER'S LaW. GEIMS'BY, Great. A seaport and market- town in Lincolnshire. England, on the Humber. 20 miles east-southeast of Hull (ilap: England, F 3 ) . The town consists of two portions, the older with irregular streets, and the new. to the east, spacious and regularly laid out. The chief buildings .ire the fine oldparish church, the town hall, custom-house, com exchange, free gram- mar school, mechanics' institute, and the dock warehouses. The town provides a school for tech- nical instruction. dXvns the market and much remunerative leasehold and real estate. It has Goth. Eng. OHG. (ier. hatjan beave belfau beben prt-is three drT drei fottis foot fuoz Fuss kniu knee kaiu Knit ga-taiiijau tame zautjan z'Abmen padrp tjiurp durf Uorf steigan sty stigan steigen rauds red rot rot bropar brother bruoder Bruder works. Its harbors and docks cover 350 acres. As the tenuinus of the .Manchester. Sheffield and Lincolnshire and the East Lincolnshire railways, it exports the manufactures of west Yorkshire and Lancashire. It imports the raw and manu- factured products of Russia. Demnark, Norway, and Germany. The total annual value of its impiirts and exports during the five years ending in 1900 exceeded £18.500,000 (.$92,500,000). An average of 2000 vessels enter and clear a gross tonnage of 2,225,000 annually. Grimsby takes its name from Grim, a fisherman of Arthurian legend. It has numerous tumuli and Roman re- mains, and is the traditional spot where the Danes first invaded England. It received its charter of incorporation from King John, and fvirther charters from Edward Land Edward III. It sent eleven ships to assist Edward 111. in his expedition against Calais (134H). The silting of the harbor led to its decline, hut prosperity re- vived with the harbor improvements of 1849-5S. Population, in 1891. 01.750: in 1901. 81.150. Consult Shaw, Old Urimshy (Grimsby, 1897). GRIMSEL PASS. A pass of the Bernese Alps. Switzerland (see Alps), leading from Italj- anil Southern Switzerland into the Hasli Thai or L'pper Valley of the Aar, and forming the boundary between the cantons of Bern and Valais. The victory of the French, whose ad- vance from the Hasli Thai in 1799 was opposed by the Austrians. is commemorated by the Tod- tensee. "Lake of the Dead.' GRIM'SHAW, Robert (1850—). An Ameri- can civil engineer and author. He was born in riiiladelphia. Pa., and became a lecturer on physics at the Franklin Institute of that city. Among his best-known works are: Saws (1880) ; Hieam-Engine Catrcltistn (1885-87); Hints on House-building (1889): Hints to Power-users (1S91); Record of Scientific Progress (1891); and Fifty Years Hence (1892). He was also one of the editors of the Standard Dictionary. GRIM'STON, W. H. See Kendal, Mb.; Kendal, Mrs. GRIM'WIG. A kindly but verv- positive old gentleman, in Dickens's OJirer Twist. He is a warm friend of !Mr. Brownlow. and enforces his own opinions by threatening to 'eat his head' if they prove false. GRIN'DAL, Edmund (c.l5in-83). An Eng- lish prelate, born near Saint Bees. Cumberland. He graduated at Cambridse in 1538. became pri- vate" chaplain to Bishop Nicholas Ridley, and in 1541 chaplain to Edward VL He succeeded Bonner in 1559 as Bishop of London. His leniency toward the Puritans did not further the
