GKOVE. 311 GBOW. to the law, he became prominent' in the South Wales and Chester circuits. He became a -justice of common pleas in 1871.. and in the following year was knighted. Afterwards he l)ecame judge of the High Court of Justice, from which posi- tion, however, he retired in 1887. and thereafter until his death devoted himself to scientific in- vestigations. In 1842 he delivered a lecture on "The Progress of Physical Science," in which he propounded for the first time the doctrine that the so-called forces of nature, such as heat, elec- tricity, etc., are not essentially dissimilar; that they are notliing but ditTerent modes of motion, different and mutually convertible forms of some- thing which is called ciier(jii, and of which the most essential characteristic is its indestructi- bility. Grove was thvis one of the first to grasp and enunciate what Faraday has called "the highest law in physical science which our facul- ties permit us to perceive — the conservation of force." These views were further developed in the famous essay on The CorreJalion of Physical Forces (1846). Grove published several works on subjects connected with electricity, containing the results of his acute experimental investiga- tions. He also made important improvements in electrical apparatus, and invented a well-known galvanic battery which bears his name. See Elecikicity. GROVE CITY. A borough in Mercer County, Pa., 60 miles north of Pittsburg; on the Pittsburg, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad (Jlap: Penn- sylvania, A 2). It has a Carnegie Library ($30,- 000 ) and is the seat of Grove City College, opened in 1884. There are manufactures of carriages, gas-engines, foundry products, brooms, etc. The borough owns and operates its water-works. Pop- ulation, in 1890, UGO; in 1900, 1599. GEO'VEE, CuviER (1829-85). An American soldier, born in Bethel, Maine. He graduated at West Point in 1850, served on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth. Kan., until 1853, took part in the Northern Pacific Railroad Expedition of 1853-54, and was again stationed at various fron- tier forts until the outbreak of the Civil War. He was made a brigadier-general of United States volunteers in April, 1862; participated in the Peninsular campaign; was brevetted lieutenant- colonel on Maj' 5th for his conduct at the battle of Williamsburg; and on May 31st was brevetted colonel for gallantry at Fair Oaks. He took part in the battle of Glendale. and his brigade was especially distinguished for valor at the battle of Manassas. From December, 1862, until July, 1864, he was in command of a division of the Nineteenth Corps, Department of the Gulf, and directed the right wing of the armv in the siege of Port Hudson, La. In October, 1864, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for his conduct at the battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill : and his gallantry at the battle of Cedar Creek and in the Shenandoah campaign earned for him on March 13, 1865, the brevet of briga- dier-general in the I'nited States Army. He was also brevetted major-general on the same day for services during the whole war. He subse- quently returned to frontier duty, served as as- sistant inspector-general of the Fifth Military Dis- trict in 1869-70. and while on sick leave died at Atlantic City, N. J. GROVEB, La Fatette (182.3—). An Ameri- can la^vyer and politician. He was bom in Bethel, Maine, graduated at Bowdoin College, and in 1850 was admitted to the Ijar in Phila- delphia. He began practice in Salem, Ore., in 1851, and was elected prosecuting attorney of the Territory in tlie same year. In 1852 he wag auditor of public accounts, and a member of the Oregon Legislature, in which he served, in all, three tenns, being Speaker in 1856. He fought in the Indian wars of 1853 and was United States ccnnnissioner to settle spoliation claims against the Government. He was a member of the Ore- gon Constitutional Convention in 1857, and was the first representative of the State in Congress. He was chairman of the Dcm(x;ratic State Cen- tral Committee from 1860 to 1870, and was Governor from 1870 to 1877, when he resigned to enter the United States Senate, in which he served one term. GROVES, Sacred. Groves associated with worship or religious rites. Such groves are found among many peoples. In the Authorized Version of the English Bible, the word 'grove' occurs fre- quently as the translation of the Hebrew 'ashO- rah; this is generally admitted to be an error, and in the Revised Version the word is trans- ferred without attempt at translation (see AsHERA). In two passages (Gen. xxi. 33; I. Sam. xxii. 0, margin) 'grove' represents the Hebrew 'cshel, tamarisk (ef. I. Sam. xxxi. 13). A shrine may liave been connected with the tree mentioned in the last passage, and in the first it is stated that Abraham planted a tamarisk in Beersheba "and called there on the name of Jehovah." There is mention of an oak by the sanctuary at Shechem (Joshua xxiv. 26) and at Bethel (Gen. xxxv. 8) ; certain other passages are by some interpreted as referring to trees (Authorized Version, 'plain'; Judges iv. 11; ix. 6, 37). The tree occurs frequently on Assyrian sculptures. Groves played an important part in connec- tion ^ith the religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans. To nature - worshipers, they seemed peculiarly appropriate sites for temples and oracles. Tlie C?reeks placed groves and forests under the protection of the god Pan, and tenanted them with nymphs called dryads or hamadryads. Some of the earliest Greek oracles were supposed to be given at Dodona through the rustling of oak-leaves. Tile famous Grove of Academe was a public garden outside of Athens, where Plato taught. Perhaps the most famous sacred grove of the ancient Hellenic world was Daphne, situated in the environs of Ajitioch on the Orontes, and consecrated b.v Seleu- cus Nicator to the worship of Apollo. The Romans derived the foundation of their religion from Numa. as of their political life from Romu- lus. JJuma was believed to have received his religious instruction in a grove from a nymph Egeria. In this spot, thus consecrated by divine presence, he erected, according to tradition, a temple to the Camcnse. Seventeen miles south- east of Rome was a place Nemi. where a famous temple was erected in a grove to Diana. See Camex.e; Daphne; Dodona ; Dryad.'?; Nemi. GROVE'TON. See BrtL Rfn, Second Battle GROW. GALr.sTiA A.ROX (1823—1. An American politician, horn at Ashford. Conn. He graduated at Amherst College in 1844, and was
