GUIITEA-PIG. 859 GUINGAMP. GUINEA-PIG. A popular Imt iin'orroet name for a spucies ut cavy (q.v.) abuiidaiit in tlonii'sli- cation. Some authorities consider it a valid speeies, Cavia cobai/a ; but it is more probably only a domesticated form of the restless cavy (Vai-ia apcrea) of Guiana and Brazil. The guinea-pig is a small animal, about si. inches long, usually black, white, and tawny. Recently it has been much used in bacteriological labora- tories for the study of germ diseases, and it has long been a popular pet for cliildren. It is ex- ceedingly prolific. The young, which are produced tie or six times a year, are very jH-ecocious, shedding the milk-teeth before they are hatche<l. These animals are not pigs, l)ut nuicli more near- ly rabbit-like rats; nor are they found in Guinea, but are conlined to South America. The 'guinea' is probably a corruption of 'Guiana.' while 'pig' is as accurate as many other popular names. GTJINEA-WOKM:. a parasitic roundworm (q.v. I {Dnictiiivulus Mcdinetisis) , especially char- acteristic o( the central and eastern parts of Arabia, but abundant in India, Persia, Xubia, the swampy regions of the Wliite Nile, and Guinea, and found widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres. Sailors have been known to bring them into New England ports. The adult worm is whitish in color and only one or two millimeters in thickness, although it is some- times a meter in length. The eggs are laid in water, but the yoiuig only reach maturity in the hijman body, where they come to lie under the skin, in the connective tissue, especially of the extremities, often producing painful sores, and causing the disease fllariasis (or dracon- tiasis), which is accompanied by emaciation and debility. The female is viviparous, while the male is unknown. Carter regards a small worm {Urolnbes palustris), frequenting brackish waters, as the immature form of the guinea-worm. It is also believed that the embryos enter the bodies of water-fleas ( Cyclops, etc. ) , and there molt, and that consequently they may be intro- duced into the body by drinking standing water ; but this has not been proved. Other species of Filaria occur in the tropics, one of which (Filni-ia sanciuinis-Iiominix) is said to be the cause of the disease elephantiasis (q.v.). This is a worm of microscopic size, found living in the blood of the mosquito in India and China. It is said that the eggs are swallowed in the water dnmk by man, are hatched in his intestines and obstruct the smaller blood-vessels, thus causing the dis- ease named, and perhaps even leprosy. Other species of Filaria live in the peritoneum of the horse and of apes, and an iminature form {Filnria Irntis) has been detected in the lens of the human eye. BlBUOGR.^PHY. T. S. Cobbold. Entozoa (Lon- don, 1864) : R. Leuckart, Die mrnsrhlichcn Para- .iHcn (2 vols., Ix'ipzig. 186.3-76) ; Bastian. "On the Structure and Nature of the Dracunculus," in Traihsactions of Hie Linnwan fiocietn, vol. xxxiv. (London. 186.3). GUINEGATE, ge'n'-gat', or ENGUINE- GATTE, iiN'ge'n'-gat'. A small village in the French Department of Pas-de-Calais, noted as the scene of two defeats of the French, by llaximilian of Austria in 1479. and by Henry VIII. and Maxi- milian in 1.518, the latter engagement being known as the 'Battle of the Spurs' (q.v.). GUINES, ge'nas. A town of Cuba in the Province of Havana, about 30 miles southeast of Havana, on the Havana-Cienfuegos Railway (Map: Cuba, C 4). It has .some trade in sugar and eotl'ee. In the eighteenth century Guines was the name of a large hacienda, occujjying the en- tire plain, in the middle of which the town was founded by the families of the laborers. It be- came a cliartercd town in 1814, but was destroyed by fire in 1817, and did not acquire any impor- tance until 1838, when it became a railroad terminus. It is now well builtj and has several notable buildings. Population, in 1809, ll.;i94. GUINEVERE, gwin'e-ver. A famous figire in tlic later Artiunian romances. In the earlier versions of the legend her personality is scarcely developed. In the ri(a <Jildw there is indeed a. queen whom King Melvas carries off from Arthur, to be recovered only after a year's search and a siege. In Geoffrey of ilonmouth she ap- jjears as CJuanhumara. "of a noble Rcnnan family, and surpassing in beauty all the women of the island," and she takes the veil after Arthur's defeat by Mordred. As 'enhaver in Layamon's story, she gains little distinctness. It is not till the romance is completed, whether by Walter Map or by Chretien de Troyes. with the magnifi- cent invention of Lancelot, and of her sinful but romantic love for hinij that she reaches her full proportions and becomes "the first perfectly human woman in English literature." The story was treated by other medi.Tval writers ; an inci- dent given by them but omitted by Malory (that describing her first avowal of her love for Lance- lot) plays a crucial part in Dante's famous epi- sode of Francesca da Rimini. The character was powerfully treated by Tennyson in the Idi/lls of the KiiH), and a phase of it by William Morris, who, in his Defense of Guenevere, remains truer to the original conception of it. See Arthur ; Lancelot. GUINEY, Loci.SE Imogen (1861—). An American poet and essayist, born in Boston. The daughter of Gen. Patrick R. Guiney, she was educateil in Providence. Her more noteworthy volumes of poetry are: f<on(js at the Start (1884); The White Sail aiid Other Poems (1887) ; The Martyr's Idyl, ami Shorter Poems (1890). She wrote also much in pro.se. for ex- ample: Goose-Quill Papers (1885); Monsieur Flenri/, a Footnote to French History (1892) ; A Roadside Harp (1893) ; A Little En'r/lish Gallery (1894) ; Patrins: A Collection of Essays (1897). She has edited an edition of .J. C. Mangan's Poems, and shared with Mrs. Spofford and Alice Brown the authorship of Three Heroines of Eng- lish Romance (1S94). GUINGAMP, gaN'giiN'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Cotes-du- Nord, France, on the Trieux, 20 miles northwest of Saint-Brieuc (Map: France, C .3). It was for- merly the capital of the Duchy of Penthi^vre, and was surrounded by walls, of which there are remains. The site of the ducal castle is now planted with trees, and serves as a promenade. The town is a noted place of pilgrimage in Brit- tany for the annual 'pardon' at its mediirval church of Xntre Dame de Bon Secours. ,' restored fifteenth-century fountain is a noteworthy monu- ment in the town. Guingnnip — whence gingham — has the original manufactories of that linen fabric, hat-factories, tanneries, and a considera-
