GUNS. 383 GUNS. icarmina:. At pii'M'iil. llic yoncial opinion in all navies is that the l^incli u'nn is the larjjest nccos- sarv or desirable to ninunl on Imard ship. Wire-wound cuns are used in the British scr- viee, and some lew fjuns of this type have been built for .Japan, but the naval authorities of other countries do not favor them. Ample strength is usiially seeired by forged steel tubes, jaeket. and hoops to stand the pressures de- sirable with modern powders, but if transverse trimnions and resting on little wooden wheels i-alled the trucks. The sides of the carriages were held together by framing called transoms, the rear one supporting the brc'Cch and elevating device. The latter consist<'d at lirst of a large wooden wedge, bit was re])laced by an iron ele- vating screw. ( See illustrations under Ord- nance. ) The recoil was cheeked by a heavy rope called the- breeching, passing annind the breech of the gun and .secured at the ends to the ship's Table of Elements of Late Types of United States Naval (Jnss (Models of 1S99) Giving perforatiou of face-liardeiied armor, service velocities, at ranges up to :)000 yardB, with smokeless po Capped and uncapped armor-piercinii; projectiles, at normal impact. s 5 g 1
Hi ill sis X .2 ■5 1
if
•38
s
4^
II
£
Perforation at muzzle
^
Harve,v nickel-
steel
Krupp armor
H
li.
■0 to
II
11
91
11
BE
c
•SI
It
3-inch, Mark I
4-imh. Mark VH....
5-inch. >Iark V
6-inch. Mark VI
7-inch Mark I
.87
2. 86
1.46
8.37
13.33
18.
33.4
52.
50
50
50
50
45
45
40
40
154.3
204.5
255.
300.
315.
343.
400.
493.
5
15
27
46
74
115
240
385
13
32
6U
100
165
250
500
850
2.800
2.900
2.900
2.900
2,900
2.800
2,800
2,800
709
1,870
3,503
5,838
9,646
13,602
27,204
46,246
4.4
6.7
8.6
10.9
13.2
15.0
20.
25.
3.6
5.7
7.5
9.3
11.8
13.6
18.6
23.4
4.4
6.4
8.4
10.9
13.2
15.
20.
26.
3.6
5.6
6.6
7.3
10.5
12.1
17.1
21.7
2.130
2.380
2.460
2.525
2.580
2.530
2.585
2,620
H-inch. Mark V
Ill-inch. .Mark III
r2-inch. Mark III
Perloration at 1000 yds.
Co
Perforation at 2000 yds.
6-
Perforation at 3000 yds.
Harvey
nickel-steel
Krupp
armor
Harvey
nickel-steel
Krupp
armor
Harvey
nickel -steel
Krupp
armor
EC
Si
11
Ed a!
03
11
If
0.
11
ft
^1
Si
^1
if
■Si
EC
Sis
n
11
= ?
Pa
3.1
5.3
11.4
13.2
18.3
23.
4.4
6.
7.7
10.1
11.8
16.7
21.4
3.1
5.2
6.7
8.8
11.4
13.2
18.3
23.
4.4
6.6
6.8
8.9
10.4
15.
19.4
1.620
1,9.56
2,086
2.185
2,296
2.290
2.390
2.450
4.
5.7
7.4
9.8
11.7
16.5
21.2
3.4
4.7
6.4
8.6
10.4
15.
19.6
4.
6.5
7.2
9.7
11.7
16.5
21.2
3.4
4.7
6.
7.6
9.1
13.5
17.9
1,605
1,770
1,805
2.040
2.070
2.210
2,295
3.2
4.6
6.2
8.6
10.3
15.
19.5
3.9
5.3
7.4
9.
13.
17.9
3.2
4.6
5.9
8.3
10.3
15.
19.5
4-incli, Mark VII
0-inch, Mark V
0-inch, Mark VI
7-inch Mark I
3.6
5.2
6 5
8-inch, Mark V
10-inch. Mark III
12-inch. Mark III
7.9
11.5
16.2
strength alone were to be considered there would
be no objection to additional safety secured by
wire-winding. The great defect of wire-wound
guns is their lack of longitudinal stiffness, the
wire not only failing to add any strength in this
direction, but interfering with the stiffening due
to the hoops. Should the time come when greater
pressures than those now used are found desir-
able, then wire-winding may he resorted to,
but until that time arrives it is not likely to
become general. Higher pressure in ginis en-
tails an increase in temperature in the chamber
and consequent additional erosion of the bore,
and also adds to the ditficulty of cheeking the
escape of gas to the front around the projectile
and to the rear around the breech gas-check.
MOIXTS FOR X.WAL GUNS.
Jlounts for naval guns are of three tyijes, tur-
ret, deck, and rail. The principal features of
mounts are the method of checking recoil, re-
turning the gun to the firing position after recoil,
elevating, training, sighting, and loading. Up
to the middle of the nineteenth century naval
guns were moiuitcd upon simple wooden carriages
with heavy side frames or tindicrs supporting the
side; the length of the breech was sufficient to
allow the gun to recoil several feet, and this not
only reduced the strain on the breeching, but also
allowed the gun to come in far enough so that
it was easily loaded. After loading, the gun was
run out an(l trained b,- tackles. Some guns were
pivoted amidships, and these had a lower struc-
ture mounted on trucks called a slide, on which
the gun-carriage slid during recoil. The re-
coil was taken u)i by breeching secured to the
slide, and the strain transferred to the deck by
means of a pivot belt. The luoadside mounts or
carriages continued in favor until llie Civil War.
when the turret system was established by the
monitors.
Jloditications of the old carriages were still
used on the broadside, though they ha<l begun to
be made of iron and brass. The increased size
of ships, however, caused the pivot carriages to
be fitted for shifting from side to side, and the
convenience of training tlicm resulted in the
so-called nnizzle-pivoi carriage, which was only
the old pivot carriage fitted with an arm at the
forward end pivoted at the ship's side. About
I.S80 the central-pivot carriages were brought
