GUTZKOW. 398 GUY OF LUSIGNAN. satirically skeptical, as is implied in the title of his first siyiiilicunl novel, Widh/, die Zwei fieri ii (1S35), for which he was iir.prisoiicil and all his writings forbidden, with the usual result of making them and him widely popular. This work is usually taken as the starting- point of the school known as Voung Ger- many, literary reformers heralding the demo- cratic upheaval of 184S. After his release from prison Gutzkow went to Hamburg, and wrote four powerful dramas: Kicliard Hai-Ufir (1S30) ; Zopf mid Schwcrt (1S44) ; Dafi UrhiUl des 'I'artiiffc (lS-17); Vricl Acosta (1848), and others of less merit. In 1847 he went to Dresden as director of the Court Theatre (till 1850), and wrote two remarkable novels. Die Ritier vom Geiste (9 vols.. 18.50-32). and Der Zavberer ron Horn (9 vols.. 18.59-liI). From 18.52 to 18G2 he edited the family weekly I'nterhulluniicii am liiiuslieheii Herd. In 1804 he had an attack of insanity, and though after his recovery he con- tinued to write voluminously, he never regained his power. Gutzkow's strong controversial pur- pose obscured his artistic genius, but his work has profoundly influenced the popular thought of modern Germany, and gives one of the best pictures we have of the intellectual life and the social struggle of his generation and nation. Consult: Prolss, Das juiiije Deulsehland (Stutt- gart, 1892); Frcnzcl. Eriinierungen vnd Htrii- muiiflen (Leipzig. 1890); Houben. Stitdicn iiher die Dramen Gutzkoas (Jena. 1899) ; Casclmann, Karl (lut::I:oirs Ulelliing ^» den religin.i-ethischen Prohleineii seiner Zeit ( Augsburg, 1 900 ) . GXTTZLAFF, guts'laf. Kakl F. A. ( 1803-51 ) . A missionary, historian, and author, born at Py- rjtz. Pomerania. In the service of the Nether- lands Missionary Society, he studied Chinese at Batavia. 1826-28. Severing his connection with the Jlissionary Society, he went to Singapore, and a few months later to Siam, where he engaged in translating the Scriptures into Siamese. His wife dying in 1831. he went to Macao, where, and later at Hong Kong, ho assisted Morrison (q.v. ) and Medhurst (q.v.) in translating the Bible into Chinese, and was incessantly active in C4ospel labors. In jiersonal apjieaiance. Giitz- laff was so like a native that he was able to pass for one when traveling in the costume of the country. His influence as physician and preacher was magnetic. He served for a while as interpreter to the British Government, assist- ing in the peace negotiations of 1842. He was especially active in raising up a native ministry and in diffusing information in Chinese. He made many voyages in countries near China. On his visit to Europe, his powerful addresses inspired many young men to enter upon East- ern careers, among them G. F. Verbeck (q.v.). Japan, and Sir Harry Parkes (q.v.). China. See his Jouriinl of Three Vot/afies Along the Coast of China, with Xotices of fiiaiii. Corea, and the Loo Choo I.':lnitds (Xew York. 1833) ; Chinese Bistorii (2 vols.. London. 1834) ; China Opened (revised by the Rev. Andrew Reed. 2 vols.. Lon- don. 1838; a German edition of this work was also published. Stuttgart. 1847) ; Life of Taon- Ktrang. Late Emperor of China (1851). besides many learned contributions to periodicals. He died at Hong Kong. One of the ablest and most efficient men in the opening of the East, his services have received scant lecognition. A bioc- raphy of CiUtzlaiT by Gai'han. (liilzlaff der Mis- .sioHur der Vhinesen, was brought out at Duis- burg in 1830. GUY, Seymoub Jo.sEi'n (1824—). An Eng- lisli paintir, born at (Jrccnwich. He studied under Buttersworth and Ambroise Jerome. In 1854 he removed to New York City, and in I8G5 became a member of the National Academy. His w(uks comprise portraits and genre pictures, often scenes from child life, such as: "The Little Sweeper;" "Bedtime Story;" "Making a Train." He paints with great detail and good color. GUY, Thomas (e.I645-1724) . An English I)hilanthropist. the founder of Ciuy's Hospital in London. He began l)nsiness as a bookseller on a capital of £200. and it is said that he laid the foundation of his fortune by selling, surrepti- tiously. Bibles brought into England from Hol- land. Later he became printer to the I'niversity of O.xfonl. and it was largely owing to him that the universities were able to beat the King's jirinters. who were trying to drive them out of the ])ublishing business. He was a member of Parliament from 1095 to 1707. In 1G78 he gave his first public charity — an almshouse at Tam- worth for the accommodation of six poor women. Five years later he enlarged this almshouse so that it could accommodate fourteen men and women. He gave generously to the poor, to release insolvent debtors, and to start young men in business. To relieve the overcrowded condi- tion of Saint Thomas's Hospital, he built three new ^ards, and then, having acquired a great fortune by the rise of South Sea stock, applied a large part of it to building the hospital which bears liis name. GUYAU, ge'yo'. .Jean Marik (1854-88). A French philosopher, born at Laval. His ill liealth did not lessen his activity, and he produced much before his early death. A critic rather than a constructive scholar, he still advanced the theory that altruism is not artificial, but instinctive, a particularization of his psychological law that instinct tends to be destroyed or diminished as it becomes conscious ; and. in ethics, he held that 'I can. therefore I nuist,' is a truer characteriza- tion than 'I must, therefore I can.' Besides con- tributions to the Revue des Deux Mondes and the Rerue Philosophiiiue, he wrote: Vers d'un phi- losophe ( 1881 ) : La morale ancflaise eontempo- raine (1885) : Esrjuisse d'une morale sans ohliga- lion ni sanetions (2d ed. 1890) ; L'irrcligimi de I'avcnir (1887); Education et heredite (1889); and La genese de I'id^e du temps (1890). Con- sult the essay in Royce. f^tudies of Good and Evil (New York. 1898) ; and Lambert. "L'CEuvre sociologique de Guyau." in the Revue Interna- tionale de So<ioloiiie. vol. viii. (Paris. 1901). GUY DE MAUPASSANT, go dp mo'pii'siiN'. See Mat rA.ssANT. GU^ FAWKES, gl fnks. An English con- spirator. See F.WKES. GUY (gi) MAN'NEKING. A novel by Wal- ter Scott (1813). Hogg is said to liave recog- nized, at once, in the hero, a portrait of the author himself. The leading characters are Dom- inie Sampson and ileg Jlerrilies. GUY OF AREZZO. ;i-ret'sd. See Gnoo n'AREZZO. GUY or GUIDO (gv'd6) OF LUSIGNAN, lu'ze'nyUx' ( ?-1194). A king of Cyprus and .Icru-
