GONG. 28 GONNER. GONG. See Tam Tam. GONGORA Y ARGOTE, gOn'gd-ra ^ iir-go'ta, Luis de (1561-lU:i7). A Spanish poet, born at Cordova. He studied law at the University of Sallamanca, and there composed the greater part of his erotic poems, romances, and satires. At the age of forty-five he took orders, obtained a small prebend in the Cathedral of Cordova, and was afterwards appointed lionorarj- chaplain to Pliilip III. Gongora's iroetic career divides it- self into two periods. In his first or youthful period, he yielded himself up entirely to the nat- ural tendencies of his genius and to the spirit of the nation. His lyrics of this period are v^illancicos, letrillas. romances, and sonnets in the old genuine Spanish style, and, as regards their caustic satire and burlesque wit, are among the most admirable specimens of the class of poems to which they belong. Gongora, however, wished to outdo all his predecessors, and to furnish something wholly new and luiheard of ; and the result of this unfortunate ambition was the intro- duction of a new poetic phraseology, called the estilo cuUo, or the 'cultivated style.' From this point the second period in Gongora's literary career dates. To popularize the cstilo cuUo, he wrote his Polifemo, Soledades, and the Piramo y Tishe — productions of the most pedantic and tasteless description, poor in invention and thought, but rich in high-sounding, pompous phrases, and overloaded with absurd imagery and mythological allusions, expressed in language of studied obscurity. Tn this way he became the founder of a. new- school, the Goiifioristaa, or Ciil- toristas, wlio even surpassed their master in the depravity of their literarj' tastes. The baneful influence of Gongorism. a style quite like that of Euphuism in England and that of Marinism in Haly and France, continued downi through the eighteenth centuiy. Xone of Gongora's poems were printed during his lifetime : but in 1627, immediately after his death, they were pub- lished at JIadrid by his friend Vicuna, as the Ohras en verso del Homcro Espaiiol. Some addi- tions are found in the later editions of 1633, 1654, and 1659, as well as in the edition of 1636- 49, for which Saliedo Coronel prepared a com- mentary, made necessary by the studied obscurity of Gongora's style. He died at Cordova. A crit- ical edition of the poet's work is still a desid- eratum, for the selection given in volume xxxii. of the Bihiioteca dc autorcs espai'wles is very un- satisfactory as to text. Consvilt also: The Po- esias escoflid^s dc Cionporn, con varias incditns (Madrid. 1863), and the poems given in Quin- tana, Poesias selectas, vol. iii. (Madrid, 1807), and in Maury. Espacinc poetique (Paris, 1826), Rennert has published forty-nine unedited poems of Gongora in the Revue Hispanique, vol. iv. (Paris. 1897). Consult: Churton, Gonfjora: An Historical and Critical Essari, irith Translations (London, 1862) : and Mrs. Shelley. Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific _M en, vol. iii. (London. 1835). GONTATITES, go'ni-a-ti'tez (Neo-Lat., for
- Gotiialiies, from Gk. yuvla, gonia. angle -f- ?il6oc,
lithos, stone, in allusion to the angulate sutures). An extinct tetrahranehiate cephalopod, the shell of which resembles that of the Ammonoidea in form, but differs from it in having a simple suture line that shows undulating or zigzag curves without secondary crimping. The Gonia- tites have smooth unornamented shells of discoid or globular form, with open or closed umbilicus. They vary in size from 1 to 4 inches, though some species from the Devonian system attain a diameter of over 12 inches. The name Gonia- tites has long been used in a generic sense; but the group has proved to be heterogeneous, and the species have been redistributed among a number of new genera and four new suborders, the Microcampyli, Mesocampyli, Eurycampyli, and Glossocampyli, these names referring to the form of the saddles of the sutures in the types of the different groups. The old genvis Gonia- tites was considered to be an intermediate form between the Nautiloidea and the Ammonoidea, and the above-mentioned suborders represent, in a broad way, transition groups between certain races of nautiloids and certain races of am- monoids. The species of Goniatites appear first in the lowest Devonian rocks, and they disappear in the Triassic system ; their period of maximum development was during LTpper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous time. They are thus index fossils of the Upper Paleozoic age. They are found in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America, often in such abundance that the beds containing them have received the names of Cly- merien-kalk and Goniatites limestone. See Am- MoxoiDE. and Cephalopoda, and the bibliography given under the latter title. GONID'IA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. yovr/, gone, seed). The algal cells of a lichen. Also applied by some botanists to the asexual spores of algfe and fungi, and including the well-known conidia of those groups. See Lichen. GO'NIOM'ETER (from Gk. j-uwa, ^onia, angle + fitTpor, metron, measure). In mineralogy, an instrument used to measure the angles of crys- tals. The simplest form is the contact goniome- ter, which consists of a pair of anns which move about a pivot like a pair of shears, and can be clamped in any position and connected with a protractor for the reading of angles. The re- flecting goniometer makes use of a beam of light reflected successively into a telescope from dif- ferent faces of a crystal as the crystal is revolved upon a single axis. The direct readings of this instrument give by their numerical difference the supplement of the angle desired. The most modem type of goniometer is constructed on the principle of the theodolite, and mea-sures angles in two planes at right angles to each other. This is known as the theodolite goniometer, or two- circle goniometer, and it^s introdxietion ha.s not only extended the possibilities of measurement, but greatly simplified the calculation of crystal forms. See Cry.stallography. GO'NIOIWETRY. A branch of trigonometry concerned Avith the functions of angles in general and with their relations. See Trigonometrt ; GONIOilETER. GONNER, gen'ner, Nikolai;.? Thaddaus von (1764-1827). A German jurist, statesman, and author. He was born at Bamberg, where he was appointed to the chair of law (1789). Ten years afterwards he accepted a similar posi- tion at Ingolstadt. where he exercised a most beneficial influence upon the development of the university, which, by his suggestion, was subse- quently removed to Landshut. From 1811 until
