HACHETTE. 428 HACKER. in Crcllc's Journal, and in various other scientific publications. He also wrote a number of works, among which the following are the most promi- nent: Traitc elcnentaire dcs machines (1809; 2d ed. 1828) ; Programme d'un cours de physique ( ISO'.O ; Elements de ffdomdtrie a trots dimensions (1817); Traite de (jcomftric descriptive (1822; 4th ed. 1828) ; Hisloirc dcs muchiiics a vapcur (1830). For a list of the memoirs of Hachette, consult The Catalogue of l!icicntific Papers of the Royal Society, vol. iii. (London, 1869). For a biographical sketch, consult Arago, (Euvres, vol. iii. (Paris, 1855). HACHETTE, .Jean^'E LAljrf; (c.U54-?). A Frencli heroine. So little is known of her family that it is impossible to say whether she was the daughter of an officer named Fourquet by whom she was confided to the care of Dame Mathieu Latne, or was in truth the child of the latter and her husband, a simple workman of Beauvaia. In 1472, when she was about eighteen years old, Cliarles the Bold of Burgundy invaded France, and endeavored to take Beauvais by storm. As ihe town was garrisoned l>y but 300 men, the in- habitants, men and women, defended the walls, and succeeded in repelling the first assault of the Burgundians. The second assault, however, was more determined, and a standard-bearer had suc- ceeded in reaching the top of the rampart when Jeanne struck him dead with a hatchet (ha- chette) and captured the banner. This so disheart- ened the assailants that they again withdrew, and as reenforcements soon after entered the city, Charles decided to raise the siege. King Louis XT. not only rewarded Jeanne by marrying her to the man of her choice and decreeing that they and their descendants should be free from the payment of all taxes, but excused the other citi- zens from the pa'ment of the poll-tax, gave many privileges to the women of Beauvais, and instituted an annual procession to take place on the day of Saint AngadrOme, the patroness of the city, in which the flag captured by Jeanne ■was carried by some woman of her family. In 1851 a statue was erected to her memory in the principal square of Beauvais. HACHETTE, Louis Ciiristopiie FRANgois (1800-04). A French publisher, born at Rethel, in the Ardennes. He began to.prepare himself to be a teacher, but having been dismissed, owing to his polities, in 1822, entered a school of juris- prudence. This he quitted in 1820 to become a publisher in Paris, with tlie avowed object of issuing books to improve pedagogics, and to ele- vate the general intelligence of iW people. This aim he pursued throughout his life, and the nu- merous series of works that he published in every department of knowledge gave him not only a national but a world-wide reputation as a moral educator and as a disseminator of whole- some literature. Noteworthy among his pub- lications are scientific and miscellaneous libraries, editions of various classics, dictionaries of mod- ern languages, dictionaries of imiversal refer- ence, and Le Journal pour Tons, a weekly period- ical founded in 1855. He was the author of several pamphlets on the economic condition of the poor and their betterment, and was greatlv interested in the establishment of cooperative friendly societies among the industrial classes. He was also one of the early promoters of inter- national copyright. HACHIOJI, ha'chi-O'jl. A town of Japan, situated on the island of Nippon, 23 miles by rail from Tokio. It is an important centre of the silk industry. Population, in 1898, 23,203. HACKBERRY (variant of hagbcrry, heg- berry, from hag, AS. haga, Dutch haag, Ger. Bag, fence, coppice + berry) ,a.iio called Sugar-Berry, Nettle-Tkee, Hoop-Ash, and Hagberry. A num- ber of trees and shrubs which belong to the natural order LTrticace*, the species of which are distributed throughout the Northern Hem- isphere. The best-laiown species are Celtis oc- eidentalis and Celtis Mississipjnensis of the United States. The former ranges from Canada to Tennessee, and westward to the Pacific. It is a large tree, which attains a height of 120 feet or more, and three feet in diameter. In habit of growth tlie tree somewhat resembles the white elm, but the bark is rougher and the branches are nearer the horizontal. It is of rapid growth, and is well adapted to park and general planting. The wood is heavy, rather soft, and coarse- grained. The heart-wood is brown, the thick sap-wood yellow. It is adapted to about the same uses as the elm. The latter species, to which the name sugar-berry is more generally given, is a somewhat smaller tree of more south- ern range. Celtis australis, sometimes called lotus-tree, is a species common in the ]Iediter- ranean region, and found in India. It attains a height of 60 feet or more, but is not hardy in the north. Its wood is extensively used for furni- ture, carving, etc., and its drupe-like fruits are edible. Celtis bungeana, a North China species, with dark green glossy leaves, is a hardy tree in northern Latitudes. HACK'EE (in imitation of the cry of the ani- mal). A name for the cliipraunk (q.v.), foimd in (he books of Richardson, Godman, Audubon, and other early writers, and perhaps once in popular use in the Southern States, but now larely heard. The same may be said of 'chicka- ree,' a name given to the red squirrel (Sciuriis Jludsonivs) , according to Avidubon, on account of its chattering note. HACK'ENSACK. A village and the county- seat of P.ergcn County. N. .!.,. eight miles east by south of Paterson : on the Hackensack River, and on the New Jersey and New York and the New York, Susquehanna and Western railroads (Map: New Jersey, D 2 L It is piimarily a residential town, and has the .Tohnson Public Library, Hack- ensack Hospital, and an Old Ladies' Home. The principal industrial establishments are silk-mills, a jewelry factory, and a wall-paper factory. The government is vested in a board of commis- sioners, elected from the village wards for a term of three years. Hackensack was first settled by the Dutch, about 1640. near a vil- lage of the Hackensack Indians, and in 1678 a company of Huguenots settled near here on what was known as the French Patent. Wash- ington stopped here on his retreat across New Jersey in 1776, and the place was subseqif^ntly occupied by the British and Hessians. Hacken- sack was incorporated in 1808. Population, in ISnO. 6004: in 1900. 9443. HACK'ER, Francis (?-1660). An English regicide. He was a zealous supporter of Parlia- ment and later of Cromwell during the Civil War and the Protectorate, and distinguished
