GONZAGA. 31 GOOCH. also obtained the Maiquisate of Montferrat in 1530. During the reign of this prince the Court of Mantua was one of the most magnificent in p;urope. — GuGLiELMO (1550-87), son of Federigo, proved a wise and enlightened ruler; his secre- tary was Bernardo Tasso, father of the poet. — VicENZO (15S7-1G12), son of Guglielmo, was the warm friend and patron of Tasso, and was much esteemed for his piety, justice, and liberal- ity. His brother Lrica was a .Jesuit missionary, and died of the plague in Rome in 1591. He was canonized as Saint Aloysius in 1720. Vi- cenzo was followed by his three sons. Francesco, FERniNAXu. and Vicenzo, all of whom died with- out heirs, and thus the direct line of the ducal branch became extinct in 1027. A collateral branch in the person of Charles I., Duke of Nevers, son of Ludovico, the brother of Guglielmo, mentioned above, claimed the duchy, which was contested by his cousin, Cesare. Duke of Guastalla. This family feud led to a war, in which France sup- ported Xevers, while the Em]jeror Ferdinand II. claimed the right of adjudging Mantua, as an Imperial fief, to a candidate' of his choice. Spain supported Austria in this War of the Mantuan Succession. Mantua was stormed, sacked, and stripped of all its treasures by the Imperialists in 1030, and never regained its former splendor. The war was terminated a few months later, Charles de Xen'EKS being recognized by the Em- peror. The successors of Charles were weak and dissipated rulers, and the tenth and last Duke of Jlantua. Charles IV., was the worst of all. As he had allied himself with the French in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Emperor Joseph T. placed him under the ban of the Empire, and he was deprived of his possessions, the Duke of Savoy seizing Montferrat, and Austria taking Mantua and the minor fiefs. This division was confirmed by the treaty of peace that followed. Charles died in exile in 1708, leaving no issue, and the family became extinct, save for the branch which ruled Guastalla until 1746. Con- sult: Letta, Fainilie celehri Italiane, vol. iv. (Milan, 1819 et seq.) ; Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy (7 vols., London. 1875-80). GONZAGA, gon-za'gil, Thomaz Antonio ( 1 744-180[t ) . A Portuguese poet, born at Oporto. Having completed his law studies at the Uni- versity of Coimbra, which he attended from 1703 to 1708. Gonzaga in the latter year went to Brazil, and after having acted for some years as local magistrate at Beja and elsewhere, he was appointed judge at Villa Rica, in the Prov- ince of Minas. Before this time he developed some talent for versification, and his literary tastes soon brought him into intimate association with Claudio Manoel, Alvarenga Peixoto. and other writers of the so-called ^linas school ; but the love ^^ Inch inspires the poet did not come upon him until he had made the acquaintance (c.l788) of Dona Jlaria .Joaquina Dorothea de Seixas, the Marilia of his masterpiece, the Marilia dc Dirceii (the latter being the name adopted by the poet himself). He had just been nominated a member of the Supreme Court of Bahia, and was on the eve of his marriage, when discovery was made of the treasonable plot of Minas. and he was arrested on suspicion of having been implicated in it. On merely circumstanti.nl evidence, and that of a very inconclusive kind, he wa.s condemned (1792) to banishment for life to Pedras de Angoche, a sentence which was afterwards commuted to one of ten years' exile at Mozambique. Here he made some ell'ort to practice as an advocate, but he never recovered from the depression with which his cruel lot had affected him. He was attacked by nervous fever, which undennined his health, and after years of increasing melancholy, which occasionally alternated with fits of acute mania, he di-ed. His poems are still favorites with the Portuguese-speaking peoples, ciiielly because of the charm of their style, their melody, and their refined sentiment. At least fifteen editions of the Marilia de Dirceu have appeared since 1800. There are biographies prefi.xed to the editions of Rio Janeiro (1845 and 1802). GONZALEZ, gon-sii'les, Manuel (1833-93). A Jlcxican soldier, President of the Republic from 1880 to 1884, bom near Matamoras, Tamaulipas, Mexico. He entered the army at the age of nine- teen, was associated with Father Javenta's guer- rillas in 1843. and ten years later attained prom- inence as reactionaiy leader under JIarcelino Cobos. In the succeeding civil wars he bore a con- spicuous part, winning a reputation for dauntless bravery and shrewd military leadership. He re- ceived numerous wounds in action, one of which resulted in the loss of an arm. Under Juarez he fought brilliantly during the Frencli invasion, was promoted brigadier-general for bravery in 1807, and after the fall of the City of Mexico was appointed by .Juarez Governor of the Government palace. In 1871 he was arrested on a charge of complicity in the stealing of the gold and silver plate that had belonged to Maximilian, but in the revolution of the same year escaped and joined Diaz. He took part, in the third rebellion of Diaz in 1876, distinguished himself in the decisive battle of Tecoac, and in 1878 was appointed by Diaz Secretary of War. In 1880 he resigned his portfolio to become a candidate for the Presi- dency, to which office he was elected. His admin- istration was marked by financial mismanage- ment and disaster. His attem])t to compromise the English debt, and his decree suppressing the liberty of the press, aroused such opposition that he resigned in 1884, in favor of Diaz. A resolu- tion of impeachment for misappropriation of funds was introduced in the National Congress, but was not pressed, and he afterwards success- fully administered the atTairs of the State of Guanajuato, of which Diaz appointed liim Gov- ernor. GONZALO DE BERCEO, gun-tha'16 da bar- tha'6 (C.1198-C.12G8). A Castilian poet, born at Berceo (old Castile). He was a secular priest in the nionastei-y of Saint Emilianus, in the Terri- tory of Calahorra, and the oldest known Castilian poet. His poems are legen(U and stories of the saints in the vulgar tongue, and those consecrated to the Virgin are said to be graceful and touch- ing. They were first published by Sanchez in f'oUeccidn de poesias castellanas anteriores al siglo AT. (2d ed., Paris, 1842). GOO'BEB. See Peanut. GOOCH, Frank Austin (1852—). An Ameri- can chemist, born at Watertown. Mass.. and educated at Harvard University. In 1873 he be- came instructor in chemistry in the Lawrence Scientific School. A year later he was assistant in the chemical laboratory, and in 1877 assistant to Wolcott Gibbs. In 1879 he was connected
