HALACHA. 46a HALCYONE. and insignificant details. Originally, as already said, tile tiral law par excclltnce, it began to be written Jdwn wben, as was natural, varicms opin- ions and traditions arose as to the correct prac- tice and the danger of sectarianism was immi- nent. The first collection of laws was instituted by Hillel, Akiba, and Simon bc-n Gamaliel; but the final redaction of the general code, the Mishnn (q.v. ), is due to Jedudah Hanassi, about A.D. 220. Later additions to this code are the liaraitlias and Toscjilitus. Of an earlier date with respect to their contents, but committed to writ- ing in later times, are the three Haggadic books (Midrashim): Siplira or Toriith iiohdnim (a Haggadic amplification of Leviticus), Kiplirc (of Numbers and Deuteronomj-) , and Mcchiltka (of a portion of Exodus) . The rabbis of the Mishnaic period are called the Tanuim. These were fol- lowed by the Arnoruim, who, by discussing and further amplifying the Mishna, became the au- thors of the Gemara (q.v.). The Halacha was further developed in subsequent centuries by the Saboraini, Geonim, and the authorities of each generation. See H.gg.da ; iiiDR.vsir ; Talmud. HALAS, ho'losh. A town of Hungary, situated near the lake of Halas, in the county of Pest-Pilis- Solt-Kis-Kim, about 80 miles south-southeast of Budapest (Jlap: Hungary, F 3). The chief in- dustry is agriculture and the cultivation of the vine. Population, in 1800. 17,100: in 1900, lil.SoG. HALAYA, a lit 'y a, or HARAYA, a ra'yn. A Visayan dialect in Panav Island, Philippines (q.v.)." HALBERD, or HALBABD (from OF. hale- bardc, Fr. hallcbardc, Ger. Hellehiirtc, from. MHG. helmbarlc. halberd, from helm, halm, Ger. Helm, handle, AS., Eng. helm, tiller + JIHG. harte, Ger. Barte, axe; connected also with OHG. hart, Ger. Bart, AS., Eng. beard) . A weapon employed in mediipval warfare, consisting of an axe-hlade balanced by a pick, and having a pike-head at the end of the six-foot shaft. It was used by the Germans, Swiss, and Danes previous to the thir- teenth century, and up to the sixteenth century was borne by sergeants of foot and artillery and companies of so-called halberdiers. The 'hus- carles' of Canute were armed with the halberd. The Swiss were the first to change from the halberd to the pike and similar weapons. In the famous battle of Morat (1476), in which the Swiss overthrew Charles the Bold of Burgundy, halberds and pikes were used by the former. The English used the halberd previous to the Tudor period, but as it was an expensive weapon, the halberdiers were restricted to a select corps for the protection of the 'colors.' In France the halberd was very little used. HALBERSTADT, hal1ier-st;it. Capita! of the circle of the same name in the Prussian Province of Saxony, situated on the Holzemme, 28 miles southwest of Magdeburg (ilap- Prussia, D 3). It is an ancient town with many old- fashioned buildings and some fine specimens of wood architecture from the fifteenth and six- teenth centuries. The Cathedral of Saint Stephen, rebuilt very slowly after the fire of 1179, and recently restored, contains some good reliefs, wood sculptures of the thirteenth century, a num- ber of pictures, and many antiquities in its treasury. The Church of Our Lady, constructed in 100.5-1284. contains fine reliefs and mural paintings. Among the most interesting secular buildings are the town hall, a Gothic striKture of llie fourteenth century, the market, and the Katskcller, a wooden Late Gothic building of the fifteenth century. Halberstadt has a gym- nasium originally founded in the ninth century and reorganized in the seventeenth, two semi- naries, two fine libraries, a collection of portraits by Gleim, a number of private collections of paintings, coins, and antiquities, and a theatre. The manufactures of the town comprise sugar, sjiirits, beer, cigars, leather, soap, and gloves. Halberstadt became the seat of a bishopric as early as 804, and obtained municipal rights at the end of the tenth century. The bishopric of Halberstadt was secularized in 1048 and given as a principality to Brandenburg. Population, in 1890. 30,780; in 1900, 42,810. HALBERTSMA, hanjert-sma, TjALLlNO (1841 — ). A Dutch gj'ua'cologist, born at Sneek- He studied medicine at Leyden (1858-63), where he got his degree with a dissertation Over den tceelspiegel eiiz ; and then at Tiibingen, Vienna, and Paris. He was professor at Groningen ( 1800- 67), and then went to the University of Utrecht. Besides many contributions to medical journals in Holland and abroad, and an essay on English contributions to gynfccology (1807), Halbertsma wrote: Ovariotomie (1873) ; Craniotomie (1874) ; and Ueber die Aetiologie der Eclampsia Puerper- alis (1882). HALBIG, halTjiK, Johann (1814-82). A German sculptor. He was born at Donnersdorf, in Lower Franconia, July 13, 1814, and was educated at the Polytechnic School and at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. In 1845 he was appointed professor of sculpture in the Polytechnic Institute, Munich, in which city is a great part of his work. His most notable pro- duction is the group of a quadriga and lions on the triumphal arch. He also carved the lions of the Pinakothek, and statues of Roma and ]Iinerva in the palace gardens. He made eighteen colossal statues representing the leading German provinces of Kehlheim ; sixty busts for the Pinakothek (Munich) ; a statue of King Maxi- milian II. for Lindau (1854); a monument of Platen at Ansbach (1858); the monument of Marshal Cachahiba d'Argolo in Bahia, Brazil ; a statue of King Louis I. for Kehlheim. Among the most important of liis later works are a statue of Frauenhofer in Munich (1866); an equestrian statue of King William I. of Wurttem- berg for Cannstatt (1876) ; the "Emancipation" group of .sculpture in New York (1867-68) ; and the "Passion" group at Oberammergau (1875). His work is characterized by its decorative qual- ity, is carefully executed, and true to nature. He died at Munich. An^-ust 29^ 1882. HAL'CYON DAYS (Lat. halcyon, infiuenced by popular confusion with Gk. fiXs, hals, salt + KiJeiK, ki/ein, to conceive, from Gk. aXxviiv , al- Ixi/on, iXmiiv. hallnion, kingfisher: connected with Lat. alcedo, kingfisher ) . A name given by the ancients to the seven days which precede and the seven days which follow the shortest day of the year. The reference is to a fable, that during this time, while the halcyon bird or kingfisher wcs breeding, there always prevailed calms at sea. From this the phrase 'halcyon days' has come to signify times of peace and tranquillity. HALCYONE, hal-si'6-ne. A Greek divinity. See Alcyone.
