HALEVY. 469 HALF-BLOOD. 1834, his successful treatment of HeroUrs un- finished opera, lAidoric, which he ennipU'tcil, won general eoniinemlation from critics and pul)Uc alike. La Juice, produced in 1835, niarl<cd his first triumph, and was followed si.v nionllis later by the etpially successful L'Eclair. Guido ct Ginerra (1838) met with but an indilTerent re- ception, a fate wliidi pursued Lt's Ircizc (18311) and Le Driipicr (1S40). With La reinc dc Chy- prc (IS4I) liis lirst success was repeated. He held many important positions, beginning as a teacherat the Consen-atory in 1827, and being ap- pointed, at tlie same school, professor of theory in 1833, and of composition in 1840. He also served as accompanying pianist at the Theatre Italien (1827). and as chef du chant at the Grand Opera (1829). Among his pupils were Gou- nod, Victor Masse, Bizet, Bazin, and Henri Duver- noy. As a composer, lie suffered from Meyer- beer's over.shadowing popularity, although he is regarded as possessing i far greater depth of sentiment than his more successful confrere. Certain it is that he did not consult the public, and in consequence his music was frequently mis- understood. His masterpiece is undoubtedly La Juive, which is deservedly recognized as a classic. He was elected permanent secretary of the Academic des Beaux-Arts in 1854. He died in Nice, but was buried in Paris. For his life, consult Leon Halevy, F. HaUry, sa vie, scs a-iivres (Paris, 18()3), which contains a full account of all his numerous compositions. HALEVY, .TosEPii (1827—). A French Ori- entalist, born at Adrianople, Turkey. He studied at .Jewish colleges in Adrianople and Bucharest, and attracted some attention by his Hebrew verse. In 1808 he was commissioned by the Alliance Israelite Universelle to study conditions among the Falashas of Abyssinia, and in 1869-70, under the direction of the Academic des Inscriptions, traveled in Yemen, where he obtained copies of 686 inscriptions, chiefly Sabfean and Himyaritic, later published in his Rapport siir niic mission orchcologique dans le Yemen (1872). He was appointed adjunct professor of Ethiopie at the Kcole des Hautes Etudes, and assistant librarian of the Asiatic Society. As an Assyriologist, he is known for his contention that the Akkadian peo- ple and literature never existed, and that their so-called writing was a cryptography invented by the Babylonian priests to lend greater secrecy to their compositions. Halevy has also been promi- nent as a biblical critic. His publications in- clude further: Voyage ati Xedjran (1873); Etudes sab^ennes (1875); Etudes berbcres, cpi- graphie lybique (1875); La pretendue langue d'A-Ccad. csl-clle touranienne? (IS75) ; Recherches critiques sur I'origine de la civilisation baby- lonimxne (1870); Melanges de critique et d'his- toire relatifs aux peuplcs scmitiques (1883) ; and an Essai sur I'origine des fcritures indicnnes (1886). A series of Recherches bibliques. pub- lished by him in the Revue des Etudes Juivcs from 1886 to 1892, was continued from 1893 in the Revue Sdmitique d'Epigraphie et d'Histoire Ancicnne, which he founded in the beginning of that year. He also wrote much for the Revue Critique and the Journal Asiatique. HALEVY, Lfiox (1802-83). A French man of letters, born in Paris, brother of .Jacques Francois Halevy, the composer. He became a supporter of Saint-Simon, and one of the found- ers of Le Producteur. In 1831' he was ap- pointed adjunct professor of literature in the Kcole Polytechnique, and from 1837 to 1853 was cliief of the bureau of historical monuments in the Ministry of Public Instruction. His wcuks in- clude: Rcc'ueils de fables (1844 and lS5(i) and La (Irccctragiqu- (1846). both of which were crowned by the French Academy; lit: </<■ Eran- cois Ualery (18G2) ; and several dramatic works, including two tragedies, Le Czar Dimitrius (1829), and Electre (1864). HALEVY, LlDOVic (18.34—). A French dramatist, born in Paris. He achieved great Ijopularity during the Second Empire for work in collaboration with Henri Meilhac (q.v.) in light comedy, and by writing Olt'enbach's most popular librettos. Their first great suc- cess was La belle HcUne (1865), followed by Uurbe blcue (1866) ; La grandc duchesse (1867) ; La I'crichole (1808); Carmen (1875); and Le petit due (1878). They wrote also during this period farces of unusual levity, and toward the close of the Empire essayed the serious though sensational drama in Frou-Frou (1869), one of the greatest theatrical succes.ses of the century. From the literary point of view, the best of their joint work is in realistic and farcical satires, such as Tricoche et Cacolet (1872); La boule, or, in still lighter vein, the sparkling effervescing one-act play Reveillon, and the clever luit un- .savory Toto ehez Tata. Both Meilhac and Halevy worked also independently. Here Halevy has de- voted himself almost wholty to novelistic satire and idyllic sketches. Of the former, the best are the three astonishingly clever volumes on the Car- dinal family: M. et Mnie. Cardinal (1873) ; Les prtites Cardinal (1880); La famille Cardinal { 1883), whose head is a "corrupt Puritanic Prud- homme of vice." Of the latter, L'abbf Constantin (1882) is world-renowned for its fresh charm, and the early part of Criquette (1883) is hardly less winning in its picture of a theatrical Parisian gamin. The rest of Halevy's fiction is not sig- nificant. He was elected to the Academy in 1886. The dramatic works {Theatre Cmnplet) of Ha- levy and Meilhac are in course of publication (5" vols., Paris, 1901). Consult Matthews, French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century (3d ed., New York, 1901). HAL'PA. A name for esparto ( q.v. ) , a Span- ish grass used in paper-making. See Feather Grass. HALF- APE. A book name for a lemur (q.v. ) . HALFBEAK. One of a group of synentogna- thous marine fishes, related to the pikes and needlefishes, and constituting the family Hemi- ramphidae, which are conspicuously distinguished by the shortness of the upper half of the beak- like jaw, the lower mandible being variousI.y pro- longed beyond it. (See Plate of Needlefish, Pikes, etc.) All are small, about a foot in length, handsomely colored, and mostly remain near shore in warm latitudes. They swim near {he surface, often in large schools, and feed on alga>; th.^y are excellent to eat. The common Spanish name in the West Indies is 'halao' (dan- cer), and some species are called 'pajarito' and 'cscribano' ; while one beautiful and rather pe- culiar form (Chriodorus atherinoides) , abundant at Key West, Fla., is called 'hardhead.' HALF-BLOOD. In English and American law, the relationship of persons who have one
