HALLAM. 480 HALLE. an inheritance, through liis father's death, to- gether with a Govoninu'nl sinecure, allowed him to follow his natural lient for historical study and literary work. His literary aptitude had hvi-u early exhibited by precocious productions in the Musa; Etoitcnscs (ITilo). and his contribu- tions to the Edinhnrnh Uccictr and other period- icals soon brovight him into prominence among the most noted writers of the day. His first ex- tended workj .1 Yiew of the State of Europe Duriny the Middle Af/es (1818), was the result of ten years' preparation, occasionally relieved by intervals of Continental travel. His other important works are: The Constitutional His- torji of Enyhind from the Accession of Henri/ VII. to the Death of (leorrie II. (1827), and Introduc- tion of the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries (4 vols., 1837-30). Marked by conscientious and extensive research in original sources, by impartial analy- sis and criticism, together with ease and lucidity of style, these works long remained standard authorities, unsurpassed in their accuracy of details by the more extended modern works which have replaced them in the estimation of scholars. The.v w(>nt through several editions, and were translate<l into the leading Euro])ean languages. In politics Hallam wa.s a Yhig; his candor and general temjjerament, however, unsuited him for 'the conflicts of parties, and he took no active part in them, but he dis- played a genuine interest in all questions of social improvement. He acted with the Wilber- force party for the abolition of slavery, as well as in other luunane schemes, and was one of the original promoters of the Society for the Diffu- sion of Useful Knowledge. In 1830 he M-as one of the recipients of the two fifty-guinea gold med- als instituted by George III. for historical ju-e- eminence. Washington Irving received tlie other medal. Other honors included a D.C'.L. degree, fellowship of the Royal. Antiquarian, and other learned societies, and trusteeship of the British Museum. Hallam's life was 'saddened by much domestic affliction, ten out of his eleven children, and his wife, having died before him. HALLAM, RoKERT, Bishop of Salisbury (c. 1360-1417) . An English ecclesiastic. Edu- cated at Oxford, he was a prebendary of Sails-, bury Cathedral by 13!14, and six years after- wards was Archdeacon of Canterbury. After having been chancellor of Oxford University (1403-05). he was made Bishop of Salisbury in 1407 and a cardinal in 1411. He was a noted reformer, a leader of the party which tried to assert the supremacy of the Papal Comicil over the Pope himself, and be maintained so high a standard of independence throughout his investi- gation of abuses, while preserving the unity of his Church, that his death was considered re- sponsible for the reactionary movement of Roman Catholicism in England, HALLBERG-BK.OICH, hal'berr.-broiK, Theo- t)OR il.VRlE HiBEiiT. Reichsfreiherr von (1768- 1802). A German soldier and author, known also by the pseudonjin Eremit von Gauting, born in the Duchy of Jiilich. He entered the military service of the Electorate of Bavaria, and subse- quently, after extensive travels, became so active a patriot in the German cause that he was im- prisoned by the French invaders for eight months in Paris. In 1813 he organized the militia forces enrolled between the Rhine and the Maas, and on January 6. 1814. crossed the Rhine at Cob- lenz in command of 30.000 troops. His writings, nnirked by original viewpoints and a somewhat bizarre style, include: Ueise dureh Skandinavien (1818) ; Ifeise dureh Italien (1S30) ; Reise dureh Enylnnd (1841); and Deuischland. Ilussland, Kaul.-asus. I'ersien (2 vols., 1844). C(msult Giftel. Lebcn des preussischen Generals Freiherrn ron Hullherg-Iiroich (Berlin, 1803). HALLE, or HALLE AN DER SAALE, hiil'lf ;in der zii'le ( Lat. Ilahr Saxonutn). An important city in the Prussian Province of Sax- ony, situated on the right bank of the Saale, and on a number of islets, in latitude 51° 2^)' N'., and longitiide 11° 58' E., 21 miles by rail northwest of Leipzig (Map: Prussia. D 3). Halle has broad promenades on the site of its ancient fortifica- tions, and abounds in media>val buildings and monuments. Among the prominent churches are the splendid edifice of Saint Jlaurice. founded in the twelfth century and containing a fine choir and altar, and a pulpit with reliefs: the sixteenth- century ilarktkirche, with its four towers ; and the cathedral, consecrated in 1523. The chief secular edifices and monuments are the Rathaus, dating from the fifteenth century and recently renovated; the Rote Turm. a clock tower 276 feet high, dating from the fifteenth century; the neighboring statue of Roland, erected at a more recent date; a statue of Handel, who was born here; the new Ratskellcr, built in 1893, in the Gothic style,, and used partly for municipal of- fices; the remains of the Moritzhurg. the former residence of the archbishops of Magdeburg; the Archlnshop's residence, adjoining the cathedral and containing some valuable collections of the provinci>.l museum ; and, lastly, the buildings of the famous university. (See H.lle, University OF.) The interesting cemetery is like an Italian campo santo, and has handsome arcades. Be- sides the university the educational institutions include two gj'mnasia, the Francke Institutions (compri-sing a Latin high school, a 'real' school, a seminary for teachers, etc.) ; also the provin- cial museum with prehistoric antiquities, the numicipal museum devoted to art. and tlie muni- cipal theatre. Halle has a zoological garden and important hospitals, and is the seat of numerous historical, scientific, and economic societies. It is a very important industrial town. At the head of the local industries for centuries has been the production of salt, which is obtained on an islet of the Saale. the yearly output amount- ing now to nearly 0000 tons. The workmen who are engaged in the salt-works are known as Halloren. and diflfer from the rest of the popula- tion of Halle in the matter of dialect and certain customs. In olden times they formed a separate caste. The metal industries developed greatly during the second half of the nineteenth century, and Halle has now over fifty large estjiblish- ments for the manufacture of machinery, besides numerous establishments for the production of other iron and copper articles. There are also many starch factories. Additional manufactures are of chemicals, chocolate, cocoa, chicory, malt, sugar, beer, spirits, etc. Sugar-beets are raised in the vicinity, and there are brown-coal mines. The commerce, mostly in grain, sugar,
