HANOVER. 538 HANSARD. improvement in its railway Cdniicctions. It is now a railway and a manufacturing centre. ^Vmonj; llii' larger industrial estalilislinients are an oilcloth factory, a railway repair-shop, a num- ber of nuichine-shops, iron foundries, iron-bridge works, piano-factories, and chemical works. There are also produced lacquer ware, books, lamps, liquors, and as])halt. Leather is an im- portant output. The trade, which is of con- siderable magnitude, is actively promoted by a number of prominent commercial, agricultural, and manufacturing associations, banks, and other institutions of credit. The city is the seat of the leading industrial provincial organizations. The population of Hanover proper was 103,593 in 1890, and 235,649 in 1900 — an increase of 12 per cent. It is the tenth city in size in Grcrmany and the fifth ill Prussia. The population of greater Hanover ( including several adjacent to^^^ls not officiallv incorporated, but closely al- lied with the city) was 302.054 in 1900. Nearly all the population is Protestant. History. Hanover originally was a little fish- ing town, and notliing is known of it worth re- cording until 1203, at which time Henry, the son of Henry the Lion, Duke of Sa.xony, leeeived it with his share of lands left by his father. He soon handed it over to his nephew Otho. the founder of the House of Brunswick. From Duke Otho, Hanover received in 1241 a municipal charter, and soon after it joined the Hanseatic League, in which, however, it played only a minor role. Its importance rose after 163t), when it became the residence of one line of Brunswick dukes. (See Hanover, Province.) In 1714, liow- ever, the Elector of Hanover became King of England, and until 1837 the city was a monoto- nous provincial town. Upon the death of William IV'. of England, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cum- berland, the new King of Hanover, took up his residence here. In 18(il) the Kingdom of Hanover was annexed to Prussia, and since then the city has been the capital of the Prussian province of the same name. Hanover has grown rapidly in recent years, and is more prosperous under Prus- sian rule than it ever was as the capital of an independent kingdom. Consult; Hoppe, Oe- schichte der Stadt Hannover (linnoyev, 1845); Hartmann, (Icschichte der Residen::st(idf Han- nover (Hildesheim, 1886) ; Hir.^chfchl, Haiiiio- vers Grosnindustrie und Grossliandel (Leipzig, 1891). HANOVER. A town in Grafton County. N. H., 55 miles northwest of Concord, on the Connecticut River, opposite Norwich. Vt.. with which it is connected by a bridge (Map: New Hampshire. F 7 ) . It is the seat of Dartmouth College (q.v. ). and has the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital. There are minor manufac- tures, but the town is interested mainly in agri- culture, dairving, and lumbering. Population, in IS90. 1817:'in'l900, 1884. HANOVER. A borough in York County. Pa., 42 miles north by west from Baltimore, Md., on the Pennsylvania and the Western Maryland rail- roads (Map: Pennsylvania. E 4). It is in a productive agricultural region which also has iron-ore deposits, and is of considerable commer- cial and industrial importance, its majiufactures including cigars, gloves, shoes, machine-shop products, and carriages. Settled about 1730. Hanover was incorporated in 1813. It is gov- erned by a burgess, elected triennially, and a borough council. Population, in 1890, 3746; in 1900, 5302. HANOVER COLLEGE. An educational in- stitution situated at Hanover, Ind. ; chartered as an academy in 1828, and as a college in 1833. It is under Presbyterian control, and since 1880 has admitted women. The nuMd)er of students was, in 1902, 100 in the academic department, and 50 in the preparatory and musical departments. At the same time the college had a librarj' of 17,000 volumes, an endowment of .$200,000, grounds and buildings valued at $175,000, and an annual income of $14,000. No tuition fee is charged. The college provides a course for teach- ers and oilers degrees in arts, science, letters, philosophy, divinity, and law. HANOVER COURTHOUSE, Battle op. An engagement fought at Hanover Courtliou.se, 17 miles north of Richmond, Va.. on Slay 27, 1862, between a part of the Federal Army of the Potomac under General Fitz-John Porter and a Confederate brigade under General Branch, the latter, after offering a stubborn resistance, being driven from the field. The Federals lost 355 in killed, wounded, and missing; the Confederates 265. HANOVER SQUARE. A London square, laid out in 1731. Near it stands Saint George'.4 Church, the scene of the most fashionable London weddings. HANSA, The. See Hanseatic League. HAN'SARD. A well-known name in connec- tion with the printing of the British Parliamen- tary records. The first of the family was Luke Hansard, who w.as born in 1752 at Norwich, and coming to London, worked for some years as com- positor in the office of Hughes, the printer to the House of C'Ommons, and in 1800 succeeded Hughes as sole proprietor of the business, which is still carried on by his family. Competition and other causes have led to a division of the Parliamentary printing, but the Messrs. Han- sard still print the bills before Parliament, the reports of committees, and some of the accounts. The name of Hansard is connected with an important question of Parliamentary privilege. The case was briefly as follows: A bookseller named Stockdale brought an action for libel against the Hansards, the libel consisting of state- ments in the Parliamentary reports which the latter had printed, and Lord Chief .Tustice Den- man decided in favor of Stockdale. This decision seemed to violate the clause in the Bill of Kight^ that "debates and proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament." A committee of the Commons reported that Parliament, and each House, had a right to authorize the publi- cation of such matter as it believed to be for the public good, and further that to call this right in question was contrary to law and a breach of privilege of the House. The right to publish must necessarily carry with it the right to pro- tect the publishers. So the struggle began, and. before it ended, the Sheriff who served the de- crees of the courts, the attorneys of Stockdale, as well as Stockdale himself, and many others, were imprisoned by the authority of the Com- mons. On the other hand, the property of the Hansards was seized under the decrees of the
