love. He escaped with difficulty from prison, where he had been thrown on a charge of treason, returned to Russia, 1044, married the daughter of Prince Jaroslaff, and took her with him to Norway (1046), where his nepliew, Magnus, the son of Saint Olaf, agreed to divide the royal power with him, in return for a share of his treasures. The death of Magnus, in 1048, left him sole King of Norway. His unruly spirit would not, however, suffer him to rest; and he entered into a war to dethrone the King of Denmark. Although he was successful in battle against the Danes, he gained no real advantages by the contest; and in 1064 he concluded a peace in which he recognized the right of Sweyn, the nephew of Canute, to the throne of Denmark. In 1066 he landed in England to aid Tostig (q.v.) against his brother Harold, King of England, but was slain in battle at Stamford Bridge. Consult Boyesen, Norway (New York, 1886).
HA′RAN, or CHARRAN, kǎr′rǎn (Ass. Kharranu, road). A city in the north of Mesopotamia, and southeast of Edessa, at the junction of the Damascus road with the highway from Nineveh to Carchemish. For the Assyrians it became a strategic position of first-rate importance, and is mentioned in inscriptions as early as the time of Tiglathpileser I., about 1100 B.C. Sargon II. (B.C. 721-705) refers to his having restored the ancient privileges of the place, and later kings, like Assurbanipal, devoted themselves to the restoration of the temple to the moon-god, which enjoyed a high reputation as a place of pilgrimage. Haran, the Carrhæ of the Greeks and Romans, became, by virtue of its situation, the centre of considerable commerce. It was here that the Roman general Crassus, in his eastern expedition, was attacked and slain by the Parthians (B.C. 53), and here also the Emperor Caracalla was murdered at the instigation of Macrinus, A.D. 217. The place retained its importance down to the period of the Arab ascendancy, but is now wholly in ruins. According to the Book of Genesis, which traces the name to Haran, a son of Terah, Haran was the first resting-place of the latter and his family, after their migration from Ur of the Chaldees, and here Terah died before Abraham's migration into Canaan (Gen. xi. 31-32). The story recalls the tradition of the sojourn of some clans—probably of Aramean origin—associated with Hebrews at some remote period. Consult : Metz, Geschichte der Stadt Harran (1892); Sachau, Reise in Mesopotamien (Leipzig, 1899).
HARATIN, hä′rȧ-tēn′. ‘Black’ Berbers, living on the southern slopes of the Atlas Mountains. Their darker complexion is doubtless owing to mixture with negroes. They are interesting to the ethnologist in that they still preserve the patriarchal tribal state. See Berber.
HARAUCOURT, ȧ′rō̇′ko͞or′, Edmond (1857—), A French poet and novelist, born at Bourmont (Haute-Marne). His first work, La légende des sexes, poèmes hystériques (1883), under the pen-name of Le Sire de Chabley, attracted some attention. L'âme nue (1885), a collection of verse, in which some of the earlier poems were included, and Seul (1891), showed the poet's increasing power and melancholy charm. He also wrote the romance Amis (1887); Shylock (1889), a play; the Passion (1890), a drama; Héro et Léandre (1893); Alienor, an opera; Don Juan (1894); and Elisabeth (1894). He received the Academy prize for his poem, Les Vikings (1890).
HARBAUGH, här′ba̤, Henry (1817-67). An American clergyman of the German Reformed Church, born near Waynesborough, Pa. He studied in Mercersburg Seminary, where he became professor of theology in 1864. He was the chief exponent of the ‘Mercersburg theology.’ From 1850 to 1866 he was the editor of the Guardian, a monthly magazine, and afterwards of the Mercersburg Review. He published some poems in ‘Pennsylvania Dutch,’ and also wrote: Heaven (3 vols., 1843-53); The Fathers of the German Reformed Church (1858); and Christological Theology (1864).
HAR′BIN, or KHAR′BIN. A city of Manchuria situated on the right bank of the Sungari River at the point where the Manchurian Railway to Vladivostok bifurcates, a branch extending to Port Arthur and Peking. It is about 600 miles northeast of Port Arthur, and 350 miles northwest of Vladivostok (Map: Chinese Empire, G 2). It is a “fiat city” created by the Russian Government to serve as a railway administration centre and military depot. It consists of the old, or native, town, which was all that existed before the building of the railway, the harbor, or river, town, also called Prestin, and the administration town. The last two are almost exclusively Russian, and consist of new and substantial brick houses, among which a number of large and pretentious public buildings are in course of construction. There are already established a technical and a commercial school, a theatre, hospitals, and among financial institutions a branch of the Russo-Chinese Bank. By the end of 1903 considerable commerce and industry had sprung up. Besides the extensive railway shops there were eight flour mills in operation with modern machinery, several breweries, distilleries, meat packing establishments, and brick factories. Steamers leave daily for the Amur, and the railway traffic is extensive. The population has increased rapidly from 12,000 in 1900 to about 60,000 in 1903.
HARBOR (ME. harbor, herbore, herberwe, herberge, Icel. herbergi, OHG. heriberge, Ger. Herberge, from OHG. heri, Ger. Heer, AS. here, army + OHG., Ger. bergen, AS. beorgan, to shelter). An indentation or inlet on the shore of a sea or lake so protected from the winds and waves, whether by natural conformation of the land or by artificial works, as to form a secure roadstead for ships. In the broadest meaning harbor works include all the structures and appurtenances which facilitate the safe anchorage, loading, unloading, and repairs of vessels which seek harbors in the way of commerce and safety from storm; in this sense quays, docks, breakwaters, jetties, piers, and wharves, etc., are essential parts of harbors. In this article, however, the broad question of harbor construction as illustrated by typical harbors will alone be considered. For specific consideration of the parts of harbor works, see Breakwaters; Docks; Jetty; Lighthouses; Quays; etc.
Early Harbor Works. With the birth of commerce and naval warfare, in the earliest ages of civilization, arose the necessity for artificial harbors. The Phoenicians set to work to protect their scanty strip of Levantine coast. At Tyre, two harbor's were formed, to the north and to
