HARDWAR. 556 HARDY. spots on the Ganges (Map: India, C 3). It stands on the west bank of the river, at the mouth ol a gorge where the waters emerge from the sub- Himahiyas into the phiins of Hindustan, and at the head of the Ganges Canal (q.v.). From its jjosition on the sacred stream, it attracts immense numbers of pilgrims for the purposes of ablution. The chief feature is the Kari-ke-eliaran, or bath- ing ghat, -with the adjoining temple of Ganga- dwara. The cluiniii, or foot-mark of Vishnu, im- j)rinted on a stone let into the upper wall of the ghat, forms an object of special reverence. The orthodox pilgrim season comprises the end of ilarch and the lieginning of April. In ordinary years the attendance amounts to 200,000 or 300,- 000; but on the occasion of every twelfth year a feast of peculiar sanctity takes place, the latest having occurred in 1894; the visitors, from the commencement to the close of this festival, are stated to have averaged about 2.000,000. Commerce mingles with religion in an annual fair, which possesses considerable mercantile im- portance, being one of the principal horse fairs in Upper India. Commodities of all kinds, In- dian and European, find a ready sale, and the trade in gi'ain and foodstuffs of the surrounding districts is considerable. Hardwar is 1024 feet above the sea. in latitude 29° 57' N. and longi- tude 78° 14 E. Population, in 1891, 29.125; in 1901, 25,597. HARDWARE. A commercial term which includes an enormous variety of articles manu- factured from iron, copper, brass, or bronze, and variously known as carpenters', housekeepers', or builders' hardware. It is almost impossible to classify the articles which come under the general term, including, as it does, implements and ma- terials used by saddlers, miners, contractors, machinists, stationers, car-builders, and furniture makers a:id dealers. Many toys and the limit- less varieties of what are called 'fancy' articles belong to this branch of manufacture, as indeed does almost any article not assignable to any other branch of trade. A typical hardware cata- logue contains the list of a regular stock of nearly fifty thousand articles and sizes. Until the latter half of the nineteenth century the United States was almost wholly dependent on England and Germany for its hardware. Such implements as were made at home were usually the work of the village blacksmith, who was an individual of the first importance in those days. The manufacture of American hardware in general began abotit 1850. and has increased till now the American product is in many branches the standard for excellence the world over. A characteristic of American hardware is the neatness with which the finished product is packed and incased for the market. HARD'WICK, Charles (1821-59). An Eng- lish clergyman, liorn at Slingsby, Yorkshire. He was educated at Cambridge; was professor of divinity. Queen's College, Birmingham. 185.?. and two years later lecturer on divinity at King's College, Cambridge. . Soon after being appointed Archdeacon of Ely he was killed by falling over a precipice in the Pyrenees. He ranked high as a Church historian, his chief works being Uistorji of the Artirles of Retifiiott (lS5n : Historii of the MirUlJe A(]e of the rhurrh (1853: 6th ed. bv Dr. William Stubbs. ISRSl : TJistorii of the Refor- mation (1856; 0th ed. by Stubbs, 1888); and Christ and Other Masters (1855-58; 3d ed. by Francis Proctor. 1874). HARD'WICKE, Philip Yorke, first Earl of (1090-1764)., An English jurist and Lord Chan- cellor, born at Dover. He was educated at a private school in Bethnal (ircen, was then ap- prenticed to a London solicitor, studied at the Middle Temple, and was admitted to the bar in 1715. The favor of Lord ilacclesfield. to- gether with his own talents and attractive per- sonality, resulted in his rapid advance in the profession. In 1719 he was elected a member of Parliament for Lewes, and the following year for Seaford. which he represented until he became a peer. Within a few days of his first speech, in 1720, on the supremacy of the British over the Irish Parliament, he was appointed Solicitor- General, and three months later was knighted. In 1724 he succeeded to the Attorney-Generalship; in 1733 was appointed Lord Cliief .lustice of the King's Bench, and was created Baron Hard- wicke of Hardwieke; and in 1737 he became Lord Chancellor. Among the chief events of his long career were his co-administration of the Government during the King's absences in 1740, 1748, and 1752; the punishment of Edinburgh for the Portcous riots in 1737; the pacification of Scotland after the Jacobite rebellion of 1744. wherein the wisdom of the abolition of heritable jurisdictions was somewhat countei'balanced by his injudicious proscription of the tartan; and the loss of Minorca and the trial and execution of Byng. To him is largely due the reduction of English equity to a scientific system of logical deduction. In 1754 he was created Viscount Royston and Earl of Hardwieke, and two years, later he retired into private life. Consult Harris, The Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwieke (London, 3 vols., 1847). HARDY, iir'de', Alexandre (c.l570-c.l031). A very fertile French dramatist, born in Paris. He is thought to have written 600 plays, of which 41 were printed (1624-28). Of these the best is Maridiniic. He was an artisan rather than an artist, and first appears in 1593 as author for a strolling company of actors. In 1599 ha filled a similar place in Lecomte's company at the Parisian Theatre of the Hotel de Bourgogne. Of his life little else is Icnown. In his dramas he emancipated the stage from the scholarly man- nerisms of Jodelle ( q.v. ) . and became the founder of popular secular tragedy in France. The scenic traditions remained, but Hardy ignored the classic unities of time and place, and soon discarded the chorus. Hardy had little stylistic or poetic talent, but he had dramatic tact and the instinct of stage effects, using old material freely for tragedies, tragi-comedies, and pastorals, which in freeing the French stage from the bondage of Latin, Spanish, or Italian models, made it an attractive field for literary men. Be- fore Hardy's death. Thcophile had written his Pj/ramus and Thisbc. Racan his Shepherd Plays (Beroeries), Mairet his St/lvie, Gambaud his Amaranthe (1617-25). all' for the Hotel de Bourgogne. He lived to see the first successes of Corneille (q.v.), and the first 'regular' French tragedy, ilairet's Sophnnisbe (1639). Hardy's ITor/iS have been republished in 5 vols. (Marburg. 1884). Consult Rigal. A. Eardy et le tlUafre francais (Paris, 1889).
