HARRIS. 585 HARRIS. After a very limitid lominonschool oducation, lie engaged in business, studied law at night, and was admitted to the bar in 184 1. lie served in the State Legislature in 1847. was a Democratic member of the House of Kepresentatives from 1849 to 1853. was elected Governor of Tennessee in 1857, and was reelected in 1859 and 1801. At a special meeting of the State Legislature, called in January, 18(jl. to consider the condition of the country, he recommended that the question of calling a convention to take action for or against the secession of Tennessee be submitted to a popular vote, and asserted that in his view the ex- isting evils could best be remedied by the adop- tion of amendments to the Federal Constitution favorable to slavery: and after the people decided on February 9th both in favor of tlie Union and against the calling of a convention, the secession majority in the Legislature on May 1st authorized him to enter into a military league with the Con- federate States, to raise troops for State defense, and to issue State bonds. On Jlay 7th the League, which had previously been negotiated, was for- mally ratified by the Legislature. At the election held in .Jinie a large majority of the people voted in favor of secession and the representation of the State in the Confederate Congress, eastern Ten- nessee, however, remaining steadfastly loyal. In connection with the election charges of corruption and fravul were brought by the loyalist minority against the Governor and his friends. The Fed- eral generals Grant and Buell soon gained vir- tual control of the State, Buell occupying Xash- villc with a considerable force, and in March. 1862, Harris fled to Jlississippi. Soon afterwards he joined the Confederate Army, and served as aide successively to Gen. A. S. .Johnston, who died in his arms' at the battle of Shiloh, and to other Confederate generals in command of the Army of the West. On March 3, 1802. President Lincoln appointed Andrew .Johnson Military Governor of Tennessee, and Harris played no further part of any consequence in State affairs during the prog- ress of the war. After the war he lived first in Mexico and then in England, but returned to Memphis in 1867, speedily regained his control of State politics, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1876, 1882, 1888, and 1894, where he was distinguished for his great powers as a debater. He served on important commit- tees, acted as chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia, and in 1893 was elected President pro tcm. HARRIS, James (1709-80). An English philologist and classical scholar, bom at Salis- bury. He was educated at Wadham College, Ox- ford, and studied law at Lincoln's Inn. although he never intended to practice that profession. From his father, who died in 1734. he received an inheritance suflHcient to enable him to devote him- self henceforth to study. Harris's interests were mainly in the classics and especially in Aristotle's philosophy. He also took an active part in politi- cal life, serving first as a magistrate for his county, and then from 1701 until his death being the member for Christchurch in the House of Com- mons. In 1763 he was appointed a lord of the admiralty, and after three months a lord of the treasury. Eleven years later he became secretary and comptroller to the Queen. The works of Har- ris, which are now of historical interest merely, are a collection of three treatises, one on art. a second on uuisic. painting, and poetry, and a third on happiness (5th ed. 1794) ; I'hilosophical ArrtDiyciiicitts (1775), dealing with the Aristo- telian philosophy; Philoloijicdl Inijuirics (1781), on style and literary criticism, and the book for which he is chiefly remembered. Ucrines, or a Philosophiciil Iiif/iiirii ConccrniiKj IJnit^crsal Grdmiiiiir (1751). an attempt to force language into tlu! forms of logic. He has also been sup- posed to be the author of Spring, a l'a,slor(il, which was produced at Drury Lane in 1702. In 1801 his son, .James Harris, first Lord Malmes- bury. published .a collection of his father's works in two vohunes, with a biographical sketch. HARRIS, JAME.S. An English diplomat. See JlALiiEsiiURY, James Harris, first Earl of. HARRIS, .JA1IE.S Rendel. An English phi- lologist, paleographer, and biblical scholar. He studied at Clare College, Cambridge, and was its fellow and librarian. He held professorships at Johns Hopkins University and Haverford Col- lege, and later became university lecturer in paleogi'aphy at Cambridge University. Among his writings are: The Tcuchuit) of the Apostles and the tiibiiUine Books (18815') : The Teachings of the Apostles (1887) ; The h'est of the Words of Barueh (1889); The Diatesseron (1890); The Acts of Perpetiia (1890) ; The Apology of Aris- tides (1891) ; Codex Sangallen-sis (1891) ; Popu- l-ar Account of the Newly Recovered Gospel of fiaint Peter ( 1892) ; Fragments of Ephrem t?yrus (1895); Hernias in Arcadia (1896); Letters from Armenia (1897); Homeric Ccntones (1898) : The Gospel of the. Tirelrc Apostles and The Annotalors of the Codex Bczw (1901). HARRIS, Joel Chandler (1848—). An American writer of fiction, and journalist, born at Eatonton, Ga. His first occupation was that of a printer's apprentice. He studied law, and practiced at Forsyth, Ga., but also did editorial work, and in 1876 joined the staff of the Atlanta Constitution, of which he became editor in 1890. It w^as to this paper that he contributed the very successful studies of Afro-.merican folk-lore, col- lected in 1880 as Uncle Item us. His Songs and His Sayings, a volume which has become a classic of its kind, since it appeals alike to scientific stu- dents of popular tradition and to the general pub- lic, old and young. He continued to woik the vein so happily discovered, in Uncle Remus, with other sketches, such as Nights icith Uncle Remits (1884); Mingo and Other Sketches (1884) ; Free Joe and Other Georgian Sketches (1888); Daddy Jake the Runaiiay and Short .SVorifs (1889) ; Balaam and His Master (1891) ; Tales of the Homefolks in Peace and War (1898), weaving into fiction frequent touches of folk-lore, as do the juveniles Little Mister Thim- hlefinger (1894), Aaron in the WildKoods (1897), and several other volumes. Jlr. Harris also made a memoir of Henry W. Grady (1890), and contributed to the history of his State a volume on Georgia from the Invasion of De Soto to Recent Times (1899). Xo one has more suc- cessfully portrayed the humorous side of negro character and imagination. Imt it would be an in- justice to him to think that he has not also given an admirable picture of Georgia life in general, especially of the thrifty as well as the thriftless rural inhabitants. HARRIS, .Joseph (?-?). An English actor. His first recorded appearance was as Alphonso in
