treaties between Japan and other nations. On July 7th he was made Minister Resident, and at once established his legatiun at Yedo. Resigning office October 2, 1861, he returned to New York and was active in many societies until his death there.
Consult: Griffis, The First American Envoy to Japan (Boston, 1895); and Satoh, Agitated Japan (London, 1896).
HARRIS, Sir William Snow (1791-1867). An English electrician, born at Plymouth and educated at Edinburgh. He practiced medicine for a few years, but after his marriage (1824) devoted himself to electricity. His system of lightning conductors for ships, patented in 1820, was introduced in the British Navy after more than twenty years' consideration. He was knighted in 1847, and in 1860 was made Government referee on electrical cases. Besides many publications on his method of fixed conductors, Harris wrote the excellent handbooks: Electricity (1848), Magnetism (1850-52), and Galvanism (1856); and a Treatise on Frictional Electricity, edited, with a biographical memoir, by Tomlinson (1867).
HARRIS, William Torrey (1835—). An American educator and philosophical writer, born at Killingly, Conn., and educated at Phillips Andover Academy and at Yale College. In 1857 lie began teaching in the Saint Louis public schools, of which he was superintendent from 1867 to 1888. In 1867 he established and became editor of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, the first periodical of its kind in the English language. He was received with distinction at the Paris Exposition of 1878, represented the United States Bureau of Education at the Brussels Educational Conference, and at the Paris Exposition of 1889, where he received from the French Government the honorary title ‘Officier de l'Instruction Publique,’ and in the same year was appointed United States Commissioner of Education. As commissioner he rendered eminent service in formulating a statement of American educational theories and in giving practical definition to pedagogic principles. He was the founder of the Saint Louis Philosophical Society, and in 1875 was president of the National Educational Association. He was a prominent member of the Concord School of Philosophy, and his writings stamp him as one of the clearest expositors in America of German philosophical thought. He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale (1895); the University of the State of Missouri (1870); the University of Pennsylvania (1894); Princeton (1896); and the University of Jena, Germany (1899). Besides voluminous reports on educational matters, many papers contributed to the Proceedings of the American Social Science Association, and various compilations edited by him, his publications include: Introduction to the Study of Philosophy (1889); The Spiritual Sense of Dante's Divina Commedia (1889); Hegel's Logic: A Critical Exposition (1890); and Psychologic Foundations of Education (1898).
HARRIS, William Victor (1869—). An American song composer, born in New York. He was a pupil of Charles Blumm, William Courtney, F. K. Schilling, and Anton Seidl. He was a successful organist, and from 1889 to 1895 held important appointments in Tuxedo Park, Brooklyn, and New York. He was for three years a teacher and coach at the Metropolitan Opera, New York; for one season was conductor of the Utica Choral Union, and served as assistant conductor under Seidl at the Brighton Beach summer concerts (1895-96). He afterwards took up his residence in New York, and established himself as a vocal instructor and composer. He published compositions for piano, organ, and chorus, but is principally known for his songs, which have been remarkably successful.
HARRIS BUCK. The sable antelope (q.v.), so called because discovered by Sir W. C. Harris, author of Portraits of the Game and Wild Animals of Southern Africa, issued in London in 1840 as a magnificent folio book, with colored plates.
HAR′RISBURG. A city and the county seat of Saline County, Ill., 70 miles northeast of Cairo; on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis Railroad (Map: Illinois, D 6). It is surrounded by an agricultural district in which are valuable mineral deposits, especially coal, and has flour and saw mills, brick-works, carriage and wagon shops, etc. Population, in 1890, 1723; in 1900, 2202.
HARRISBURG. A city, the capital of Pennsylvania, and the county-seat of Dauphin County, 105 miles west by north of Philadelphia; on the Susquehanna River, and the Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia and Reading, the Cumberland Valley, and the Northern Central railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, E 3). The river, almost a mile wide at this point, is spanned by four bridges, including two iron and steel railroad bridges and a new steel driving bridge which replaces the historic ‘Old Camel-Back Bridge,’ a wooden structure recently destroyed. The city has a most picturesque location, and there are a number of notable structures. The State buildings are in a beautiful park of 16 acres, the Capitol occupying a conspicuous site. The new Capitol building, the former having been destroyed by fire in 1897, is being built on a more substantial and imposing scale. The structure is of brick and steel, and will be veneered with marble or granite, and the interior finished in marble, the estimated cost being not less than $5,000,000. The State library, founded in 1790, contains over 100,000 volumes. In Capitol Park is a monument to the soldiers who fell in the Mexican War, and also, on the west side of the Capitol, a statue of Gen. John F. Hartranft. The Dauphin County Soldiers' Monument, a shaft 110 feet high in honor of the soldiers of the county who died in the Civil War, stands in State Street. Other prominent buildings besides the Capitol are the court-house, Governor's residence, State arsenal, State Insane Hospital, county prison, Grand Opera House, high school, public library, Conservatory of Music, City Hospital, Home for the Friendless, and the Children's Industrial Home. Harrisburg is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop.
Owing to its excellent transportation facilities, both by rail and by water, Harrisburg occupies a position of considerable importance in the industrial and commercial world. It has a large trade in lumber; extensive iron and coal mines are in the vicinity; and its iron and steel interests are worthy of particular mention. There are roundhouses and repair-shops of the Penn-
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