HARRISON. 590 HARRISON. most brilliant followers of Comte, whose ideas, uiuch modified, he has widely diffused in essays aud reviews. Among his works are: Meaning of History (1862; enlarged, 1894); Order and I'rocfress (1875) ; T}ie Choice of Books (1886) ; Oliver Cromwell (1888) ; Annals of an Old Manor House (1893; new ed. 1899); Victorian Litera- ture (1895); Willuim the Silent (1897); The Millenary of King Alfred (1897) ; Tennyson, Ras- kin, Mill, and Other Literary Estimates (1900) ; John liuskin, in English Men of Letters series (1902) ; and ^Vashington (1902). HARRISON, Gabriel (1825-1902). An American author and artist, born in Philadelphia, Pa. For several years he was an actor, and at one time supported Charles Kean. Afterwards he became the manager of several theatres, and produced, among other plays, a dramatization of Hawthonie's Scarlet Letter (1878). He is also the author of a Life of John Hoicard Paiine (1873), and a number of critical articles, notably Eduin Forrest, the Actor and the 3Ian. Critical and- Reminiscent (1889). He did much for the encouragement of the free art schools in connec- tion with the Brooklyn Academy of Design, and was also a portrait and landscape painter. HARRISON, James Albebt (1848—). An American philologist, born at Pass Christian, Miss., and educated at the University of Virginia. In 1871 he was appointed professor of Latin and modern languages in Randolph Macon College, and in 1876 was chosen professor of English in Washington and Lee LTniversity. He left this chair in 1895 to become professor of English and Romance languages at the University of Vir- ginia. He was an editor of the Century and the Standard Dictionaries; and edited (with W. M. Baskerville) Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1883) ; Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1883) ; Beowulf (1883); Mme. de Sovigne's Letters (1898) ; and Comeille's Kicomcde (1901). Among his other works are: contributions to Anglia on "Negro English;" Group of Poets and Their Haunts' {lS7i) : Greek Vignettes (1877); Spain in Profile (1879) ; Story of Crreece (1885). HARRISON, Jane E. (1850—). An English ari-h;pologist and Hellenist, born in Yorkshire. She studied at Newnham (Cambridge) and at the British Museum, visiting also the museums of Berlin, Munich, Rome, and Athens. Since 1882 she has lectured at the British Museum, South Kensington !Museum. Cambridge, and Ox- ford. She has received the honorary degrees of Litt.D. (Durham) and LL.D (Aberdeen). She has written: Mi!ths of the Orh/ssey (1882) ; In- troductory Studies in Greek Art (1885) ; Myth- ology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, with Mrs.' A. W. Vcrrall (1890) ; Greek Vase-Painting, with D. S. MacColl (1894). HARRISON, John (1693-1776). An English inventor, who became celebrated as 'Longitude Harrison.' He was born at Foulby in Yorkshire, where his father was the village carpenter and clock -repairer. After the most meagre education, he learned carpentering from his father, and with a natural inclination for mechanics that amount- ed to genius, in the intervals of his work studied the construction of clocks and watches, with a view to their improvement. His experiments re- sulted in the invention of the 'gridiron pendu- lum' for clocks, which, by an arrangement of compensating steel and brass rods, allows for the expansion caused by variations of temperature; a 'recoil escapement' to prevent the constant oiling and clogging of the pallets; and the 'going ratchet' universally used to prevent a timepiece losing while being rewound. When the British Government ofl'ered successively £10,000, £15,000, and £20,000 for the discovery of a method for determining the longitude at sea within sixty, forty, and thirty geographical miles, he made four chronometers, now in the Greenwich Royal Observatory, each with a 'compensation curb' to the balance wheel. All qualified for the first prize, the fourth, on a voyage to Barbadoes and return, determining the longitude within ten miles. After much vexatious delay and petitions to Parliament, the prize was paid to him in in- stallments, it being stipulated that he should publish particulars of his invention pro hono publico. He wrote .1 Description Concerning such Mechanism as Will Afford a Xice or True Mensuration of Time (1767), and other pam- phlets in connection with his discoveries. In 1897 his tomb in Hampstead Church was re- stored by the London Company of Clockmakers. Consult Smiles, Men of Invention and Industry (London, 1884). HARRISON, Joseph, Jr. (1810-74). An American engineer, bom in Philadelphia. He was conspicuously successful as a locomotive-en- gine builder in the early days of that industry, and in 1840 his 'Gowan and Marx' locomotive attracted the attention of two Russian engineers, who had been ordered by Emperor Nicholas to examine the systems of railroads and railroad machinery in Europe and America. As a consequence he and his partner, A. M. Eastwick, together with Thomas Winans, of Baltimore, secured a contract to build the locomotives and other machinery for the railroad from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, and later another contract, which continued until 1862. to repair the rolling stock of the railroad. On the expiration of these contracts he returned to Philadelphia, where he collected a gallery of paintings. In 1869 he published a volume con- taining a poem entitled The Ironworker and King Solomon, his autobiography, and numerous inci- dents of his life in Russia ; and a few years later another, entitled The Locomotive Engine, and Philadelphia's Share in Its Early Improvements (1872). HARRISON, (Lowell) Berge (18.54—). An American genre and landscape painter, brother of Alexander Harrison. He was born in Philadel- phia, November 28, 18.54. He was a pupil of Carolus Duran (q.v. ) and studied at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts under Cabanel. In 1881 he ex- hibited at the Salon; and in 1882 he returned to America, spending a year painting and sketching in New ISIexico. He received a medal at the World's Fair, Chicago, 1893; and his picture en- titled "November," exhibited at the Exposition of 18S9. was purchased by the French Government for the Museum of Marseilles. Some of his prin- cipal works are: "Waif from the Sea," "Return from the First Communion," "Little Gooseherd," "Motherless," "Summer Idyl," "Calling Home the Cows." "Milkmaid," "jlodern Pompeiian," "Friends or Foes." HARRISON, !Mart Saint Leger (pen-name Lucas Malet) (1852—). An English novelist, daughter of Charles Kingsley (q.v.). She was
