HAilRISSE. 593 of publiciitions about America from 1492 to 1551, invaluable to inodern !.tudeuts of that period. M. Harrisse prepared perhaps the best biography yet published of Columbus, made a uniquely important eollection of the early nuvps of America, and while shut u> in Paris during the siege of 1870 complied Xotcs pour sifvir a riiisluin; u la bihUo(jnnihw et a la airtographic (Ic 1(1 Xouvclh-rroiicc ct dcs pays adjaccnts (1872). He published also Feruand Culoiiih, sa vie et ses a:uvreis (1872) ; Lrn ColonibK dc Fritnee et d' Italic (1874) ; Vhristophe Culoinh, so> origine, sa vie. ses voyaycs, sii famiUe (1884-85) ; Jean et ,Scbtisticn Cahot (1882); Les Corle-Keal (1883); Exceipta (^oloinbii>iaiia (1887); Devoii- vcrte de I'Ameriquc du Xord (1802); .lufo- graphes de Christophc Colomb (1893); Deeou- vcrtr dr Ten-r-ycHre (1900). HAB'RODSBURG. A city and the county- seat of Jlereer County, Ky., 30 miles south of Frankfort ; on a branch of the Southern Railway (ilap: Kentucky, G 3). It is a sununer resort, visited for its mineral springs, and has a public library and Beaumont College for women, opened in 1894. There arc a large distillery. Hour-mills, planing-mills,and other industrial establishments. Under a general law of 1894 the government is vested in a mayor, elected every four years, and a municipal council. Population, in 1890, 3230; in 1900. 2870. Harrodsburg was founded in June. 1774, by .James Harrod, and is the oldest permanent settlement in the State. In 1776, when Kentucky was organized as a county of Virginia, Harrodsburg became the county-seat. It was incorporated in 1875. Consult an article, "Kentucky's Pioneer Tom." Sew England Maga- zine, vol. xiii. (Boston, 1891). HAR'ROGATE. A fa.shionable inland water- ing-place and municipal borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 19 miles west of York ( Map : England, E 3 ) . Its importance dates from the discovery of its chalybeate, sul- phur, and saline springs in 1596. The town con- sists of High and Low Harrogate, connected by TOWS of handsome residences encircling a public park of 200 acres. The royal baths and springs, with their fine buildings, the electric lighting plant, water-works, markets, and a remunerative sewage farm are the property of the municipal- ity, which maintains a free library, the Royal Sjia concert rooms and gardens, a kursaal, winter garden, theatre, and recreation grounds. Popu- lation, in 1891, 15.700: in 1901, 28,400. Consult Grainge. History of Harrogate (London, 1882). HARROW. See Harrow-on-the-Hill. HARROW (AS. hearge. Dutch hark: connect- <>d aUo with Icel. lirrfi, harrow; possibly akin to Skt. kharj, to scratch). An agricultural imple- ment, used for smoothing and pulverizing plow-ed land and for covering seeds previously sown. It consists of a frame of a square or rhombic form, in which are fixed rows of teeth, or tines, project- ing downward. The harrow was in use before the dawn of histors'; but since only the lighter soils were cultivated in ancient times, it often consisted of bushes, or branches of trees, which merely scratched the ground. In the various stages of its development the barrow has con- sisted of a wooden frame with wooden teeth, a wooden frame with iron teeth, or wholly of iron. The second is still used to a considerable extent, HARROW SCHOOL. but iron harrows are most commonly em|)Ioycd. (Jf a very dillerent character from these men- tioned above are the chain harrows, which consist of a congeries of iron rings, and the disk har- rows, which pulverize the soil by means of a seri<'s of obliquely set revolving disks. HAR'ROWBY, Dudley Fh.vncis SrUxRT Rvmci!. Earl of (1831 — ). An English politician, born at Brighton. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford, and took an Eastern sojourn, fol- lowed by military service at home during the Crimean War, but entered Parliament in 1850, and while Viscount Sandon was three times mem- ber for Liverpool. He succeeded to his father's title in 1882, and became prominent in matters relating to education and social reform brought before the House of Commons. Under the Con- servative Government he held such offices as jiresident of the Board of Trade (1878-80), and Lord Privy Seal (1885-80). HAR'ROW-ON-THE-HILL. A tov%-n in Middlesex, England, 12 miles northwest of Lon- don. Its celebrity is derived from its famous school. Harrow. The town is finel.v situated on a hill 200 feet high, which is conspicuously crooned by the archaeologically interesting Church of Saint Mary with its lofty spire. This church, founded by Archbishop Lantranc in the reign of William I., was rebuilt in the fourteenth cen- tury, and has a view of thirteen shires. Popula- tioA, in 1891, 6200; in 1901. 10.200. Consult: Rimmer, Rambles Round Eton and Harrow (Lon- don, 1882) : Bushell, The Harrow Octoccntenary Tracts (Cambridge, 1894). HARROW SCHOOL. One of the great pub- lic schools uf England, founded in 1571 l)y .lohn Lj-on (q.v. ). Its charter was granted by Eliza- beth in the same year, and in 1590 the laws to govern its ofjeration were duly framed by Lyon himself, but students were not admitted until the opening of the first building in 1611. Orig- inally intended for the education of thirty poor youth from the parish of Harrow-on-the-Hill, its statutes nevertheless provided for the admis- sion of "so many foreigners over and above the youth of the parish as the whole number may be well taught and the place can contain." The founder bequeathed two-thirds of his property for its maintenance, but the school did not thrive until 1600, when the headmaster availed him- self of the statute admitting such as lived beyond the parish. This act assured its prosperity, though the enrollment has at times been very low. Now there are more than six hundred in attendance. Long iiurely classical, the curric- uhun was extended l)y the introduction of math- ematics in 1837. of modern languages in 1851, of English history and literature in 1869, and subsequently of drawing, music, and science. The school was formerly administered by six prominent parishioners, themselves empowered to fill any vacancies, but by the Public Schools Act of 18G8. though the survivors of the old board I'cmained. an additional six were elected, sever- ally, by the Lord Chancellor, the universities of Cambridge. London, and Oxford, the Royal So- ciety, and the under-masters. Students are ad- milted at the age of twelve to fourteen. Though free tuition was originally intended, there is now no gratuitous instruction, but the foun- dationers have some slisxht advantage of the for- eigners in rates. There are about six entrance
