HARTLEY. 602 HABTMANN. also in the first origin of voluntary power, which he truly regards as essentially an acquired power. He then treat;? of the commonly recognized in- tellectual faculties, memory, imagination, reason, etc. Lastly, the emotions, which he classilies under si.x heads, imaginative emotions, ambition, self-interest, sympathy, theopathj' (the religious sentiment), and the moral sense, may, according to him, be readily' seen to be the products of association of certain elementary feelings that unite among themselves, and pass into new con- nections, and give birth to complex feelings, under the general law. Many of those explana- tions would be considered now as faulty or de- tective; but at the time Hartley's attempt was a great step in advance. In logic he seems to have been the forerunner of the algebraical theory of that science. In addition to the work men- tioned above. Hartley published in 1746 Con- jeclura' Qucedant dc Motti, Sensus et Idearum Oeneratione. Consult: Bower, Hartley and James Mill (London. 1881); Schonlank, Hart- ley und Priestley, die Begriinder des Associa- tionismus in England ( 188-2) . HART'LEY, David ( 1732-1813 ) . An English politician. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and afterwards entered politics as a Liberal. Among his friends was Benjamin Franklin, whom he met during Franklin's stay in London, and with whom after his departure began a corresjiondence which continued through the years of the Revolution. He strongly op- posed the policy of Lord North's Ministry in forcing a war with America, and labored to ef- fect an exchange of prisoners, believing that any amelioration of hardships or acts of generosity would tend to lessen the bitter feelings of the combatants. He was a zealous supporter of Rock- ingham ; and this, together with his friendship for Franklin, probably led to his selection as Plenipotentiar.v to sign the treat v of peace with the United States (Paris, September 3, 1783). His writings were nearly all of a political char- acter, such as: "Two Letters from David Hartley, Esq., M.P.," in Tracts Concerning County Peti- tions (1780) ; and An Address to the Committee of Association of the County of York (1781). Consult: The . . . Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel ^yilliam Wraj-all, 1772-8 i (1884) : The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin, edited by John Bigelow (New York, 1887-88) ; and Jia'ie,' Frank- lin in France (Boston, 1888). HARTLEY, Jonathan Scott (1845—). An American sculptor, born in Albany, N. Y. He Tvas educated at Albany, and afterwards went to England, where he studied at the Royal Academy, London. From 1876 to 1884 he was professor of anatomy at the schools of the Art Students' League, and from 1870 to 1889 president of the League. His works include the bas-relief on the monument at Saratoga erected to commemorate the defeat of Burgo^Tie, a statue of Miles Morgan at Springfield, Mass. (1882). and a number of ideal figures, among them the "Young Samaritan" and the "Whirlwind." HART'LIB, Samoti. (c.lG00-c.l670). An English social reformer. He was born at Elbing, West Prussia, of Polish ancestry, and went to London in 1628. He is said to have introduced the earlier writings of Comenius into England (1637 and 1639), and to have taken an active part in the movement for the unification of the various Protestant sects. He was an intimate friend of Milton, and is said to have been very charitable. His publications, which are devoted chiefiy to educational and economic reforms, include: Considcralions Tending to the Happy Accuniplishnient of England's Iteformulion in Church and State (submitted to Parliament in 1647); Mucaria (1641), containing the outlines of an ideal State; and The Reformed Husband- man (1051). HARTMANN, hart'man, .L^kob, Freiherr von (1795-1873). . German soldier, born at Maikam- mer, in the Palatinate. He was trained in the French military institutes of Bonn, and Saint Cyr; in the campaigns of 1814-15 served in the French ranks against the Allies, and, having entered the Bavarian Army in 1816, rose to be lieutenant-gen- eral in that organization (1861). As such, he fought against Prussia in 1866. Promoted to be general (1869), he commanded the Second Army Corps of Bavaria in the Franco-German War, during which he captured the fortress of Mar- sal, and took a noteworthy part in the battle of Sedan. Subsequent to the war he retained com- mand of the corps, with headquarters at Wiirz- burg. HARTMANN, Johan Peder Emiuus ( 1805- 1900). A Danish composer, born at Copenhagen. He was one of a family of German-Danish mu- sicians, a grandson of .lohan Hartmann. the composer, and the son of August Wilhelm Hart- mann, who was an organist at Copenhagen ( 1800- 50), and the teacher of his more distinguished son. Y'oung Johan became a teacher in the Conservatory in 1827, director in 1840, and royal chai)el-mastcr in 1849. He composed a numlier of works, among which are the operas: The Raven, or Brotherli; Proof (1832) ; The Golden Horns (1834); The Corsairs (1835); Little Christina (1846) ; music for dramas by Ander- son, Oehlenschlager, and Heiberg: song cycles, and instrumental music for piano and violin, etc. From 1839 to 1892 he was president of the Musi- cal Association of Copenhagen. He ranks among the first of Danish composers. — His son. Emil Hartma^'N (1836 — ), born at Copenhagen, was at first an organist, and afterwards gave himself entirely to composition. His works consist of ballets, overtures, songs, several operas, and much instrumental music. HARTMANN, Sir Jrxnjs ton (1774-1856). A German general, born in Hanover. He served in the Hanoverian artillerv against France in the Netherlands ( 1793-94) , 'and from 1803 in the German Legion, in which, as commander of artil- lery, he fought under Wellington in the Penin.su- lar campaign and at Waterloo. In 1833 he was ap]X)inted to the command of the entire Hano- verian artillery, which he efficiently organized, in 1836 was promoted to be lieutenant-general, and in IS.iO was retired. HARTMANN, Karl Robert Ebuard von (1842 — ). A German philosopher. He was born in Berlin, February 23, 1842, educated at the school of artillery, and held a commission from I860 to 1865. when he resigned it because a serious knee trouble, brought on by an accident, made it impossible for Iiim to perform his duties. In 1867 he took his degree at Rostock and re- turned to Berlin, where he has lived ever since, devoted to literary pursuits, and doing most of
