HABTMANN. 604 HARTSOEKER. ■von Barlmanns Philosophic und der MateriaUs- mus in der modernen Kullur (Leipzig, 1890). HARTMANN, Moritz (1821-72). An Aus- tri;iii [jiH't and novelist, born of Jewish parents at Dnsclmik, Bohemia. He studied at I'rayue and Vienna, traveled in Italy, Switzerland, and Ger- many, and afterwards taught in Vienna till 1844, when he felt it wise to leave his native country in order to publish Kelch und Schwert (1845), r;ulical in its religious and patriotic sentiment. Keuere Gedichie (1847) followed a residence in Belgium and France. He then i-eturued to Austria and was imprisoned, but was freed by the Revolution of March, 1848. He became the leader of the Cterman Party at Prague, was chosen Deputy to the National Assembly at Frankfort, lied from Vienna in time to escape im- prisonment, and took part in the "Piump Parlia- ment' at Stuttgart. From 1849 to 1868 he lived in voluntary exile in Switzerland, England, Ireland, and the East, residing longest in Paris, Geneva, and Stuttgart. He was Paris correspondent of the Kiilnisclie Zeitung. and represented it in the Crimea during the Russo-Turkish War. In 18C5 he settled in Vienna as one of the editors of the Xeue Fnic Pressc. One of his best-known works is a political satirical poem, the Reimchronik dps Pfnffen Mauritius (1849). He also published volumes of tales (1863-66), under the titles No- i-ellen and Nach der Xatiir. Hartmann's select poems were edited in 1874 : his Works, in 10 vols.. 187.S-74. Consult Brandes, Das junge Dcntsrhhnid (Leipzig, 1891). HARTMANN, Rouert (1832-93). A German anthropologist, born at Blankenburg. He was educated at Berlin, and was made professor of anatomy there in 1867. He wrote: Reise des Freiherrn A. von Barnim durch Nordafrika (1863), a description of an expedition in which he had taken part in 1859 and 1860; Katiir- geseltichtlieh-mcdi::iniselw 8kizze der XiViinder (1865); Die Volker Afrikas (1879); Handhtich der Anatomic des Mcnsehen (1881) ; Der Gorilla (1881); Die menschendhnlichen Affen (1883): and the anthropological part of the report of the , cruise of the man-of-war Gazette. With Bastian he founded the Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie. HARTMANN VON ATTE, fon ou'e. A Ger- man poet. See ArE, H.rt.maxn von. HARTNACK, hart'nak, Ehmund (1826-91). A German optician, born at Templin. He worked under RuhmkorlT in Paris, and with Oberhauser, whose establishment he bought. After 1870, when he was forced to leave Paris, he sold the factory and established a new one at Potsdam. He made many imjjrovements in the microscope, especially by his extension of Amici's system of immersion, and by his work on the Nicol prism. HARTO'GIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pL, named in honor of John Hartog, an early traveler). A ge- nus of trees, or shrubs, of the natural order RutaceEe. Hartogia capensis, now known as Agathosnia hispida. a native of tJie Cape of Good Hope, is only 10 or 15 feet high, but the trunk is a foot to a foot and a half in diameter. The wood, wdiich is hard, fine-grained, close, and tough, is much valued as veneer, and when pol- ished is equal to the finest mahogany. The Dutch colonists call it ladlewood. probably from one of the first uses to which they found it convenient to apply it. HART'RANFT, John Fkederic (1830-89). .
American suldier and politician, born in
Pennsylvania. He graduated at Union College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He was among the first to answer President Lin- coln's call for volunteers in the spring of 1861, and took part in the first battle of Bull Run as aide-de-camp on the stafl' of Gen. William B. Franklin. He then raised the Fifty-first Penn- sylvania Regiment, which he led in a brilliant and successful charge at Antietam. He com- manded a brigade at Vicksburg, and afterwards was with Sherman in the advance to Jackson, jNliss. He recaptured Fort Stedman before Rich- mond, displaj'ing great bravery, for which he was brevetted major-general. After the war he was twice chosen Auditor-General of Pennsylvania, and served as Governor for two terms, during which he reorganized the militia of the State and put it upon a strictly military basis. HARTSHORN. The name given in pharmacy to the antlers of the Cervus elaphus. Its com- position is very difi'erent from that of persistent horns, as those of the ox. for example, and is identical, or nearly so, with that of bone. The products of its distillation were formerly much used in medicine, under the titles of oil of harts- horn, volatile salt of hartshorn, spirits of harts- horn, etc. ; but they are now replaced by simpler preparations of the active ingredients of these substances, namely, ammonia and carbonate of ammonia. See also Ammonia. HARTS'HORNE, Edw.rd (1818-85). An .merican physician, born in Philadelphia. In 1843, and again in 1844, he published reports in favor of the se])arate system of prison discipline, v.diich attracted considerable attention, as they were the first written by one who had had experi- ence with the practical workings of the system. In 1847 he was the secretary of the first prison discipline convention which met in Philadelphia, and ten years later acted in the same capacity to the first sanitary convention in the United States. HARTSOEKER, hiirt'soo-ker. Niklaas ( 1656- 1725). A Dutch physicist and histologist, born at Gouda. He early showed a taste for mathe- matics and physics; studied these subjects with- out the permission or knowledge of his father, a Reformed clergj'man. who wished his son to become a clergyman : and at the age of eighteen made a powerful microscope, with which he made striking discoveries regarding spermatozoa. His father finally consented to his going to Leyden. and later to Amsterdam, where he met Huy- gens, and confided to him his discoveries. In 1678 he went to Paris and studied under Cas- sini ; from 1684 to 1696 he lived in Paris, and then returned to Holland to become the in- structor of Peter the Great. He went to Diis- seldorf, in 1704. on the urgent invitation of the Elector of the Palatinate, and was appointed honorary professor at Heidelberg. In 1717. after the Elector's death, he moved to Utrecht, where his continued application to work broke his health. His works include: Essai de diop- triqne (1694). in which his independent discov- ery of many of Newton's observations on light appeared, as well as a well-defined theory of general physics; Principes de physique (1696), developing this theory: Conjeetiires physiques (1707-OSJ ; and Coursde physique (1730).
