HARVAUD UNIVERSITY. 608 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. might be taken by students merely wishing "to pursue particuhir studies to qualify them for bcientiiie and mechanical employment and the active business of life." These suggestions met with strong opposition from the conservatives. A new code of laws was nevertheless drawn up the following year, organizing the 'faculty of the university,' systematizing the college adminis- tration, creating departments, and admitting spe- cial students. This marks the transition period of Harvard from a classical college modeled after the traditions of Oxford and Cambridge to a imiversity based on the principles of European universities. The attempt at expansion, which involved an increase in expenditure, received a temporary check when, in 1824. the Legislature refused to renew the grant of the bank tax. which had netted the college, since 1814, about $10,000 annually. In 1825 the disbursements exceeded the income by about $4000, and the attendance, owing to the enforced economy and the with- drawal of aid from needy students, decreased from over 300 in 1824, to about 200. Nevertheless, the policy of expansion was continued under Presi- dent .Josiah Quincy, private benefactions, as usual, supplying the want of State aid. The law department, which had been established in 1817, was greatly strengthened by Mr. Nathan Dane's endowment of an additional chair, to which Joseph Story, whose works on equity and con- stitutional law form such an important part of the legal literature of this country, was ap- pointed. In the modern-language department Professor Ticknor and his successor, Henry W. Longfellow, successfully offered a number of elective courses, but in other departments the attempt gradually to introduce electives did not meet with equal success. It has always been Harvard's tendency to encourage freedom of thought, and on that account it was formerly considered the nursery of Unitarians. The Har- vard authorities, however, were timorous, and although some of the leading thinkers of that sect in the L'uited States, as, for example, Emer- son and Channing, were graduates of the college, yet when the former addressed the divinity stu- dents in 1838, exception was taken to some of his remarks as being too liberal. Harvard's at- titude toward the slave question was decidedly conservative. Charles Sumner and Wendell Phil- lips, leading advocates of the abolition movement, had. however, been edicated at the college, and when the final call to arms was issued, its sons were among the first to respond. To the mem- ory of those who fell in the Civil War, Jlemorial Hall, one of the finest buildings of the university, and erected by the alumni at a cost of over $300,- 000, was fittincly dedicated in 1874. The admin- istrations following President Quincy's resig- nation in 1845 were distinguished for their con.servatism. The only notable additions to the university during that period were the Lawrence Scientific School and the Dental School. The struggle betvcen the humanities and sciences, the rigid curriculum and the more liberal elec- tive system, was about to come on in earnest, and Harvard's position in the educational world was largely decided when the great organizer and educational reformer Charles William Eliot was elected in 1809 as its president. At the beginning of President Eliot's admin- istration Harvard consisted of the college, wherein the courses were largely required, and a number of semi-independent professional schools, liaving no entrance requirements or correlation of studies. The total attendance, which was largely from New England, was, in 18(19-70, 1107, including 015 college students and l.'i graduates. The resident faculty munbered 78, including Lowell, Holmes, Agassiz, and Gray. The elective question was as yet in a chrysalid state, and the few elective courses oflered were still in ill repute and not considered as on a par with required work. The funds of the university aggregated $2,257,989.80, and the income $270^404.63. The total value of universitj' property was estimated at about $10,000,000. The library contained about 192.000 volumes. President Eliot reor- ganized and consolidated the several schools, and in 1903 Harvard University comprised eleven correlated departments as follows: (1) Harvaj'd College, the Lawrence Scientific School, estab- lished in 1847, and which grew slowly until 1885, and the Graduate School, organized in 1872 for students pursuing original research. These have, smce 1890, been under the immediate charge of the Facility of Arts and Sciences, and include fourteen departments, offering elective cour.ses in the sciences, mechanical and fine arts, and hu- manities, which lead to the degrees of B.A., B.S., JLA., U.S., Ph.D., and S.D. In 1902-03 the at- tendance in the college was 2109; in the Scien- tific School, 584; and in the Graduate School, 31G. In addition to the regular courses otTered by the faculty, persons holding the Ph.D. or S.D. degree are authorized to giAc courses either gratuitously or at a stipulated fee, in the same manner as the docents at the German universi- ties. Evening readings, lectures, and concerts, including those of the Boston Symphony Orches- tra, have become a permanent feature at the university. For graduates engaged in original research, 41 fellowships, yielding from $300 to .?1000, are available. There are also 205 scholai'- ships open to all students under this faculty, be- sides several special funds for the assistance of needy students. (2) The Law School, established in 1817, and reorganized in 1872 by Professor Langdell, who first introduced the inductive or case method, confers the LL.I5. degree, and had, in 1903. an attendance of 640. (3) The iledical School, established in 1782, and the Dental School, founded in 1867, united since 1899 under the faculty of medicine, and located at Boston. They confer the JI.D. and D.D.S. degrees, and had, in 1903, an attendance of 445 and 112, re- spectively. (4) The Divinity School, formally organized in 1819. is non-sectarian, and confers the degree of S.T.B. LTnder certain specific con- ditions, its students may also earn the M.A. and Ph.D. on recommendation of the faculty of arts and sciences. Its attendance is small. (5) The Bussey Institution, a .scientific school of agri- culture and horticulture, the only school to which there are no formal entrance requirements, was organized in 1871. and is situated at Jamaica Plain, about five miles from Boston. It confers the degree of Bachelor of Agricultural Science. (6) The Arnold Arboretum was founded in 1872 under the will of .Tames Arnold, for scientific re- search in arboriculture, forestry, and dendrology, and has a museum for Massachusetts trees and shrubs. It occupies about 220 acres in West Roxburj'. (7) The University Library, including the separate libraries of the several schools and
