HAUSSONVILLE. 634 HAUTERIVE. statesman and author, born in Paris. He was secretary to the Embassy at Brussels, then at Turin, llien at Naples, and from 1842 to 1848 rep- resented Trovins in the Chamber of Deputies. He was not a great speaker, but was an active member of the Conservative Party until the Revolution of 1S48, when he retired and de- voted himself to literature. His most important works are: Uistoire de la politique extirieure du youvcrncmcnt francais de 1830 a iS.'(S (1850) ; Hist aire de la reunion de la Lorraine a la France (1854-.5!1): and L'Efilise romaine et le premier Empire (1804-1)9), the work which gained him admission to the Academy in 18G9. During the Franco-German War he wrote political letters valuable for their opportuneness more than for their literary style, notably, La Franee et la Prusse dci^ant I'Europe. After the peace he be- came the protector of exiles from Alsace and Lor- raine who wished to continue under French i-ule. His wife, Louise de Broglie, was also ;i writer, and the Count supported her brother, the Duke, in politics, against JI. Thiers. He be- came Senator for life in 1878. HAUSTO'EIA (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from hau- star, drawer, from haurire, to draw). A term applied to special structures which are found in a variety of plants, and whose function is that of attachment and suction. Some of the best illustrations of such outgrowths are found among parasitic fungi, in which the filaments have the general habit of putting forth processes that penetrate the cells of their hosts. In the interior of the host cell the haustorium usually enlarges, and through the greatly increased sur- face it is able rapidly to absorb nourishment for the fungus. Such haustoria generally cause the death of the host cells. Haustoria of a far more complicated structure are found in higher plants, as the dodder {Ci(scnta) , and such parasites as the beech-drop and broom-rape {Orohancliacew) , which live on the roots of certain trees. In these groups the haustoria are probably really ad- HAUSTOHIA OF DODDER 1. Haustorium enlarged. 2, Dodder-vine, showing posi- tions of haustoria, Tentitious roots, but the structure becomes great- ly modified. They penetrate the tissue of the host and establish a direct connection with the conducting vascular bundles, so that the para- site actually taps the sources of food-supply, water, and organized food material, and draws ud' what it needs. HATJTBOIS, holioi. See Oboe, HAUTEFEUILLE, ot'fe'y'. Pact, Gabriel (183(j — ). A French mineralogist and chemist, born at Etampes. and educated at the Ecnle Cen- trale, in which he taught metallurgy, and was director of the chemical laboratory until 1885. In that year he became professor of mineralogy in the LIniversity of Paris. His written work appeared mostly in technical journals, especially in the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy of Sciences, and he also published: Recherchcs sur Vozone (1884), as well as a biographical me- moir, Henri Sainte Claire Deville (1885, with Cha'ppuis), HAUTE-GARONNE, ot'ga'run', A depart- ment in the south of France, bounded on the south by the Pyrenees, and on the west by the departments of Hautes-Pyrenees and Gers (Map: France, H 8). Area, 2219 square miles: popula- tion, in 1896, 459,377; in 1901, 448.481. It is watered by the Garonne, from which it derives its name, and within the ba,sin of which it wholly lies. The soil in the valleys is very productive, and yields hea'A' crops of grain, maize, beans, etc. Orchard-fruits, with melons and tobacco, are pro- duced in abundance, and the annual yield of wine is large. Rick salt is produced, and fine marble is obtained at Saint Beat. The chief manufac- tures are woolen and cotton fabrics and hard- ware. The Department of Haute-Garonne was formerly divided between the provinces of Lan- gncdoe and Gascony. It is divided into the four arrondissenients of Toulouse, Muret. Saint Gau- dens, and Villefranche, Capital, Toulouse. HAITTE-LOIRE, ot'lwar'. A southeast de- partment of France, form.ed mainly from por- tions of Auvergne and Languedoc (Map: France, K 6). Area, 1916 square miles. The surface is moimtainous. covered by the Cevennes, the Cantal Mountains, and the Margeride chain, with wooded slopes. The chief rivers are the Loire and the Allier. The soil of the plains is fertile, and the agricultural produce, consisting of the usual crops, with fruits, is abundant. Iron. coal, copper, lead, and other minerals are found, and there are important manufactures of silk and lace. Capital, Le Puv, Population, in 1896, 316,699: in 1901, 314,.5'S0, HAUTE-MARNE, Sfmiim', A department in the northeast of France, southeast of the Department of Marne (Map: France, 'M 3). Area, 1402 square miles. The surface is gen- erally hilly and mountainous in the south and east ; about one-fourth is in forest. The principal rivers are the Manie, with its tribu- taries, and the Jleuse. Oats and wheat are large- ly cultivated, and wines are produced in several parts — ,-Vubigny. Jlontsaugeon. etc. The depart- ment is rich in irt^n ore, and there ai'c numerous furnaces, the production of iron being the prin- cipal branch of industrv. Capital, Chaumont. Population, in 1890, 2.32,057: in 1901. 226.545, HAUTERIVE, 6't'rev', ALEXA^-DEE Maubice Blanc de L.axautte, Count d' (1754-1830), A French diplomat and politician, born at Aspres, and educated at Grenoble and Tours, In 1792 he was made consul at New York. A false ac- cusation lost him this post, and he was forced to
