HAYDN. 662 HAYEL. Haydn and Mozart became acquainted in 1781, and from then until Jlo/art's death a close and generous friendship existed between them. Beet- hoven (q.v. ) was a pupil of Haydn's for about a year, but, despite the fact that the latter praised some of his compositions, he soon grew dissatis- fied with his, teacher. Hadyn's fame, however, steadily increased, and wlicn, in December, 1791, he arrived in London under engagement to Salo- mon, the violinist, he was the musical lion of the season, as he was also on his second visit, in 1794, His Halomon sj'mphonies w'ere composed for his London concerts. The famous Austrian national anthem he composed in 1797, and in 1798 produced liis oratorio The Creation, follow- ing it with The Seasons in 1801. His last years were ailing, and his undermined constitution could not stand tlie shock of the bombardment cf his beloved Vienna by the French in Jlay, 1809. After the third shot he fell into conTil- sions, and on Jlay 31st he died. Haydn was lionored even during his lifetime by a monument erected near his birtliplace by Count Harraeh, in w'hose service his mother had been. He attended the unveiling on liis return from liis first London season. His musical output was enormous. It included over a bundled symphonies and nearly a Imndred quartets. His chief sei'vice to music is that he expanded the sonata form of Philip Emanuel Bach, using it in the quartet and orchestra as well as on the piano, and thus in chamber music and in sym- phony was the precursor of ilozart and Beet- hoven. His Seven ^yords on the Cross, composed as an instrumental passion for the Cadiz Cathe- dral, is frequently given at church on Good Fri- day in his brother's (Jlichael Haydn's) arrange- ment as an oratorio. BiiiLiOGKAPHY. Pohl, Mozurt and Haydn in Loiulon (Vienna, 1867); Townsend, Joseph Haydn (London, 1SS4) ; Xohl, Life of Haydn, translated by L'pton (Chicago. 1889) ; Pohl, Josef Haydn (vol. i., Leipzig, 1875-82, completed on the death of Pohl in 1S87 by Mandyczewski) : Kar- ajan. Josef Haydn in. London, ll'Jl vnd 1192 (Vienna, 1861), HAY'DON, Benj.mix Robert (1786-1846), An English historical painter. He was born at Plymouth. .Tanuarv 20, 1786, the son of a printer and ])ub!isher. He was educated at Plymouth, where the headmaster encouraged his sketching, and at Plympton. As an apprentice to his father lie worked three years, and during this time was attacked by a malady that caused a dimness of vision, which in after life prevented his exe- cuting small pictures. In 1804 he went to Lon- don and spent two years studying, drawing from the cast by himself, attending the academy schools and the lectures on anatomy by Charles Ball. He was one of the first of the English artists to appreciate the Elgin JIarbles, and it was largely through his influence that they were acquired by the nation. From his studies of them he received insiiiration for the painting '"Dentatus" (1800). which brought him a pre- mium of 100 guineas at the Academy Exhibition. Although liis name was proposed for election as a member of the Academy, it was not accepted, owing probably to his action in withdrawing a picture, '"Romeo and Juliet." because it was not given the place of honor which it deserved. His quarrel with the Academy was further aggravated by other slights, and by letters written by him- self for publication, which alienated many of his powerful friends. In 1821 he married JIary Hymans, a beautiful widow, who did much to lighten his disappointments in life. His life was an heroic struggle against ad- verse circumstances, partially the fault of others, but also as a result of his unscrupuloiisness in money matters, viiJiity, and egotism. His Jour- )utl, consisting of twenty-si.x manuscript volumes, contains a vivid record of this struggle. He painted only very large historical canvases, which involved him in debt, and he was several times an inmate of the debtors' prison. During his second confinement he painted the "ilock Elec- tion," which George IV. purchased for 500 guineas. Although his ability was not recognized by the Academy, he numbered among his admirera such men as Keats and Wordsworth, both of whom wrote sonnets to him. Sir Walter Scott, Charles Lamb, Southey, Hazlitt, and ilrs. Sid- dons. They especially appreciated his ambitious plans for the promotion of English art, which he inculcated in his letters, pamphlets^ books, and lectures. Among his published works the best- known is his Lectures on Design (London. 1844- 46), delivered at the Mechanics' Institute at London, and often repeated, not only in the prin- cipal cities of England, but at the L'niversity of Oxford. As a teacher he was equally successful, numbering among his pupils Sir Charles East- lake, Charles and Thomas Landseer, William Harvey, George Lance, and William Berwick. But although his ideas on schools of design and the decoration of the Houses of Parliament were adopted, he was neglected when it came to carry- ing them out. He struggled through life, mostly in great poverty, and finally, overcome by the mental strain consequent on the failure of the e.xhibition of his last two pictures, he committed suicide in the Thames, June 22, 1846. Ilaydoii's drawing shows great knowledge of anatomy, although it is often defective in propor- tions; his color, at times rich, is not always har- monious: his conceptions are always vigorous. The works which attracted most attention during his lifetime were; ".Joseph and Marv Resting on the Road to Egj-pt" (1806): "Dentatus" (1809); "Romeo and Juliet" (1809); "Judgment of Solomon" (1814): "Christ's Entry into Jeru- salem" (1820), now in Philadelphia; "Lazarus" (1822), now in the National Gallery; "Christ Blessing Little Children;" the "Anti-Slavery So- ciety at Freema.sons' Hall" (1840), now in the National Portrait Gallery. Among his other works are "Venus and Anehises," "Alexander and Bucephalus," "N'apoleon," the "Reform Ban- quet,"' "Cassandra," "Xenophon," "Eucles" (Na- tional Gallery), "The :Iock Election," "Maid of Saragossa,"' the "Banishment of Aristides." "Xero Playing the Lyre During the Burning of Rome." His smaller works are unimportant. Consult : Haydon's CoiTesponder.ec and Table Talk, edited by his son, Frederick Wordsworth Haydon (London. 1876) ; Tom Taylor. Life of Haydon (London. 188.'?) : Redgrave. A Century of Painters of the EnfjUsh School (London. 18G6). HAYDUCKS, lii'duks. See H.4.IDCKS. HAYEL, liii-yel'. or HAIL, ha-el'. Capital of the Sultanate of Sliomer. situated in the north- ern part of Arabia, about 250 miles northeast of Medina (Map: Asia. D 6). It is a walled town, and a place of considerable trade. Population, 25,000.
