GOKHAM CONTROVERSY. reversed the judgment of t]ie lower court, with- out, however, expressing any opinion as to the theological aoeuracy of ilr. Gorhani's opinions. The decision and the attitude of the high digni- taries of the Cliureh of England, amid the fierce controversy which arose in I'egard to it, wore the main determining factors in Manning's decision to submit to the Roman obedience. Consult Pur- cell, Life of Cardinal Uaiiniiig (London, 1897). 60RI, ga'rf. The capital of a district in the Russian Government of Titlis, Caucasus. 48 miles west-northwest of Tiflis. with which it is connect- ed by rail (Map: Russia. F G). It is pictur- esquely situated at an elevation of 20(10 feet, and at the foot of a mountain crowned with the ruins .'of the ancient fortress of Goris-Tsikhe. In one of its churches is kept an ancient icon, believed to have been presented in the sixth centuiy to a member of the family of the Bagratides by one of the Byzantine emperors. Gardening, vine-grow- ing, wine-making, and tr;wling are the ])rincipal occupations. Population, in 1891. 7200; in 1897, 10,450. Founded, probably, in the seventh cen- tury. GORI, go're, Antonio Fbancesco (1691-1757). An Italian antiquary. He Avas born at Florence, where he was ordained a priest in 1717. Through the influence of Archbishop Fontanini, he was en- abled to devote himself extensively to antiqua- rian and areh;i;ological studies. He succeeded Corsotti in the chair of history at the University of Florence, founded the Acadcinia Coluntbaria in 1735, and continued the catalogue, begun by As.semani. of the Oriental books and manuscripts at Florence. Among his writings, which had a very considerable influence on the progress of archaeological science, are: Insciiptiones Aiitiqiiw Grcecw ct Roiiiana' qucc Extant in Hetnirirr Vr- iibus (1726-44); Monumentum Columbarium Libertorum et nervorum Livice Auxjustw ef Cirsa- rum (1729); Museum Florentiniun (1731-43); Museum Etrn^cum (3 vols., 1737-43) ; %m&o?CE Litterariw (1748-58) ; Yita di Mich. Anyelo lino- narotti (1746); and Thesaurus Diptychorum, cum Notis Passerii (1759), probably his most valuable work. GORILLA. The greatest of the anthropoid apes (Gorilla Sacaffci). a native of the western equatorial coast of Africa. Its name recalls a curious history. When Hanno. the Carthaginian, returned from his voyage of exploration down the west coast of Africa, about B.C. 500, he re- ported that he had seen hairy women whom the natives called gorillas ( Gk. yoplWai) : but as he went only to the Bight of Benin, and gorillas, so far as we know, never lived north of the Kame- runs. the creatures Hanno saw. if any. were either chimpanzees, or, more probably, dog-faced baboons. The next mention of the animal is in an account printed in 1013 in Purchns, His Pilfiriiiis, of the ex])eriences of an English sailor named Bat- tel on the Guinea Coast, in which he tells of a great ape which the natives knew by various names, and the Europeans called gorilla. Such an ape was described again by Bowdich in his Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee (London.' 1819) . Finally, in 1847. Prof. Richard Owen, of London, obtained from Dr. Savage, a missionary at the Gabun. drawings of the skull of the mysterious ape. and a few montlis later Professor Owen receiA'ed two skulls, which he described as "Troglodytes Savagei,' considering 51 _ GORILLA. the animal to be of the same genus as the chim- panzee. That an American missionary, Kev. Leighton Wilson, is entitled to credit for early investigation of the animal, appears from his book, Western Africa (Kew York, 1856), in which he gives an extended account of the "recently discovered" gorilla, and says that he was "the first to call the attention of naturalists to the animal." He found a skull toward the close of 1846, and sent it to the Boston Society of Natural History, where it bec;ime the subject of immediate study and writings. Wilson's book contains nuich interesting information. In 1852 a migration of these apes was made to the coast (probably due to an extraordinaiy fail- ure of food in the interior, for one has never been seen there since), and several were killed whose skeletons reached both Europe and America. This new material showed such <le|)artures frimi tiie structure of the chimpanzee that a French naturalist. I. Geoft'roy Saint Hilaire (consult Comptes Rendus, vol. xxxiv. Paris. 1852), erect- ed for it a new genus, Gorilla, based upon such peculiarities as the great cranial ridges, the shape of the teeth, the disparity in size between the sexes, etc. ; and this has received scientific ap- proval. Owen's classic anatomical studies were in the Transactions of the Zoidogical Society of London for 1848. and in the Proceedings of the Royal Institution, for 1855, part ii. the gorilla is not only the largest anthropoid ape, but; the males are on the average larger than man himself, usiuilly exceeding six feet in height when they stand upright. The females, however, unlike anj' other kind of ape, are alwa.vs much smaller, usually four and one-half feet tall, nor do the,v have great protuberances above the orbits of the eyes, and the long, exposed canine teeth, which give their mates so ferocious an appearance. The shoulders of a male gorilla are extraordinarily broad and massive, support- ing a somewhat conical head on a thick 'bull' neck, and giving attachments and leverage neces- sary for the powerful muscles of arms that, when they hang by his side, reach nearly to the calf of the leg. The hands are very broad, and the fingers short, thick, and united b.v webs nearly to the first joint. The legs are shorter in pro- portion than man's, have fairlv developed calves, and the feet, like the hands, are broad and blunt, the toes being very large and short, and the great toe set out at an angle like a thumb: and the whole foot is nearl.y straight. The body is covered in most part.s with long, coarse hair, blackish below but whitish at the tips, giving a brownish- gray aspect; but individuals vary greatly in color, and all grow grizzled with age. Tliis hair becomes very long on the shoulders, back, and thighs, and on the top of -the head and nape is stiff anil erectile, rising like a dog's hackles when the gorilla is angry. There is a distinct beard or ruft' under the chin. Beneath the outer coarse hairs grows a coat of short curly hairs, approxi- mating to a wool. "The whole skin of the face is of a deep-black color, of a glossy appearance, and sparsely sprinkled with coarse hairs. The ears are comparatively small, with their hinder border sharply angulated in the middle, . . . and of a deep-black hue." The gorilla is a denizen of mountainous forests, and its habitat is confined to a narrow coast region of the French Congo, extending three or four degrees north and south of the equator, ■
