HEALTH. 676 HEARING. medical expert, a pathologist and bacteriologist, a director of tlie Bureau of Chemistry, a director of the Cancer Laboratory, a director of the Anti- toxin Laboratory, a registrar of vital statistics, a consulting ophthalmologist, and a consulting engineer. National Boabd of Health. A National Board of Health was organized in 1879. At the end of four years this board went out of exist- ence, having investigated diseases of food-produc- ing animals, adulteration of food and drugs, dis- posal of sewage, having established quarantine, and secured consular reports regarding disease and sanitation. At present these labors are per- formed by the Bureau of Animal Industry, va- rious food commissioners, and the Lhiited States ^larine Hospital Service, which is connected with the Department of the Interior. Some Congress- men favor a proposition to create a National Board of Health, at whose head shall be a Secre- tary of Health, who shall be a member of the Cabinet. HEALTH ASSOCIATION, American Pltb- UC. On April 18, 1872, an informal conference was held in the city of New York of represen- tatives of five States and five cities, at which a committee was appointed to draw up a constitu- tion for the organization of a national institution for the promotion of sanitary science. The com- mittee made its report at a subsequent meeting, held September 12th and 13th, at which there ■were representatives from New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio. Illinois, Louisiana. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia. A constitution was adopted and officers elected. This constitution was slightly amended at the next annual meeting, held in New York. Novem- ber, 1873, and contained among its provisions the following: "The officers shall be a president, a first and second vice-president, a secretaiy. and a treasurer. All the officers shall be elected by ballot annually, except the secretary, who shall be elected for a term of three years." A stand- ing executive committee consists of "the presi- dent, first vice-president, secretary and treasurer, and six members annually elected by ballot." The objects of the association are to a great extent served by annual meetings, when matters of importance relating in various ways to sani- tary science are discussed, the essays and ad- dresses being published in an octavo volume of from four to five hundred pages. Aleetings of this body have been held regularly up to the time of the publication of this volume. Regu- lar proceedings iiave been published, which may be consulted for the details concerning the pa- pers read and discussed. The association has e.xerted considerable influence in the improvement of the sanitary condition of the country. HEALTHS, Drinking. See Drinking Usages ; Toasts. HEATHY, Timothy Michael (18.'i.5— ). An Irish Nationalist and member of the British Parliament. He was bom at Bantry, Ireland, and until thirteen years of age was educated at the Christian Brothers' School. Fermoy; after which he became a clerk in a business house, and then a stenographer on the North Eastern Rail- way, at Neweastle-on-Tyne. Previous to 1878 he had been a frequent contribxitor to the press, but in that year went to London to write a weekly letter for the Dublin Nation. In 1880, associated with !Mr. Parnell and Mr. Dillon, he made a lec- ture tour of the United States. On his return to England he was arrested for utterances made in a speech at Bantry ; was elected unopposed from Wexford Borough ; went to his trial in Decem- ber, and was acquitted. The 'Healy Clause' in the Land Act in 1881, enacting that no landlord should levy rent on improvements made by the tenant, was due to him. He attended the Land League Convention in Chicago in 1881, when $250,000 were voted to aid the Irish cause. After speaking in all the principal cities in America he returned to England, was cited to appear before the Queen's. Bench, and, refusing to give bail, was sentenced to six months' imprisonment, but re- leased at the end of four months. He has repre- sented 'exford. Monaghan, South Derry, and North Louth in Parliament. In 1891 he opposed Mr. Pamell; and in 1893 was expelled from the Parliamentary Committee. He was made King's Counsel in 1899. having been admitted to the Irish bar in 1884. In 1900 he was instrumental in ending the Pamellite difficulties by the nomi- nation of Mr. Redmond as chairman of the reunited Irish Party. He wrote A ^^ord for Ireland (1886), and text-books on the Land Acts. HEANOR, he'ner. A town in Derbyshire, England, 8 miles northeast of Derby (Map: Eng- land, E 4). It has important coal-mining and iron-manufacturing industries. Population, in 1891, 13,000; in 1901, 10,250. HEAP, Chables SwaNNERTON (1847—). An English musician, bom at Birmingham. He won tile Mendelssohn scholarship, and studied at the Leipzig Conservatory under Moscheles, Haupt- mann. and Riehter, and became on his return to England, in 1867, a pupil of the distinguished organist W. T. Best. He was conductor of the Birmingham Philharmonic Society (1870-86), the Stafford Society, the Wolverhampton Musi- cal Festival, the North Staffordshire Festival ( 1888 — ) , and in 1897 became chorus-master of the Birmingham Festival. He received the de- gree of Doctor of Music from Cambridge in 1872. Among his compositions are the cantatas. The Maid of Astolat (1886), and Fair Rosamond (1890); the oratorio. The Captivity; numerous sonatas, anthems, organ-pieces, and songs. HEAP, David Porter (1843—). An Ameri- can engineer, born in San Stefano, Turkey. He was educated at Georgetown College, District of Columbia, and at West Point, where he graduated in 1864. During the remainder of the Civil War he served with the engineer corps of the Army of the Potomac, and was brevetted captain on April 2, 1865. Two years afterwards he re- ceived his commission as captain; in 1883 he was made a major, and in 1895 a lieutenant- colonel of engineers. After the war he was chief- ly employed in building fortifications and im- proving harbors. He explored the Yellowstone Jfational Park in 1871, and ten years afterwards was the military representative of the United States at the Paris Congress of Electricians. His publications include: Uistorj/ of the Applica- tioi) of the Electric Lirjht to Lighting the Coasts of France (1883) : Electrical Appliances of the Present Dan (1884) ; Ancient and Modem Light- houses (1887). HEARING- (from hear, AS. hTiren, heran. Goth, hansjnn. OHG, hurren, Ger. horen, to hear.
