HEATH. 689 HEATH. heather (Calluna vulyaris), the only known s])e- cies of the yenus C'alluna. It is also found in a few places in the Eastern United States, where it was probably introduced. It is found on arid places, and also in bogs. The flowers, which have much the api>earance of being in spikes, are of a lilac rose color, rarely white. They afford abun- dance of honey, and the beehives are therefore transported to the moors when the heather is in bloom. In bogs it con- tributes much to the for- mation of peat. In some of the Hebrides a decoction of heath is used for tan- ning leather. The plant is applied to various other uses in tlie Highlands of Scotland. About 500 spe- cies of Erica are known, and these, with few excep- tions, are natives of the south of Africa. Xone are found in America. The British Isles produce seven species, of which some have been found only in Ireland and some in the southwest of England; cross-leaved heath {Erica Ictralix) and fine-leaved heath (Erica cinerea) are com- mon plants in most parts of Great Britain, and. like most of the genus, are veiy beautiful when in tiower. The heathcr-bclls of Scottish song are the tlowers of one or both of these species. Erica Mcditerranea and Erica cantca, common in the southern parts of Europe, are very fre- quent ornaments of British tiower borders, hardy plants, prcKlucing their flowers in great profusion in April. JIany of the African species, remark- able for the size and beauty of their flowers, are much cultivated in greenhouses. Some of the South African or Cape heaths attain in their native region a much greater size than any Euro- pean heath. The roots of Erica scoparia are knowii as bruyere, and furnish the true brier pipes of France. HEATH, .Tames (1629-64). An English his- torian, born in London, and educated at West- minster School, and for two years at Christ Church. Oxford, from which he was expelled by the visitors from Parliament in 1648. He was an ardent Rovalist, and lived in exile with Charles II. 'Carrion Heath.' a 'dreadfully dull individual,' according to Carlyle, wrote: A Brief Chronicle on the Late Intestine War (1661); The Glories and Maqnificent Triumphs of the Blessed Restitution of Kinfj Charles II. (1662) ; Flnqelhim : or, the Life and Death. Birth and Burial of Oliver Cromicell (4th ed. 1669). HEATH, XiCHOLAS (e.1.501-79) . An English prelate and jurist, born in London, and educated at Saint Anthony's, in London, possibly at Cor- pus Christi. Oxford, and certainly at Christ's College, Cambridge. In 1.539 he was made Bishop of Rochester. He 'oversaw and perused' the Great Bible of 1.541. and was made Bishop of Worcester after Hugh Latimer's resignation. In 1550 he refused to accept Crannier's form for the Prnyer- Book. and was imprisoned and deprived of his see, but was restored at the accession of Wary, and in 1555 became Archbishop of York. When Mary died, Heath did all in his power to bring about the immediate and jwaceful accession of Elizabeth; but when the question of Elizabeth's supremacy came before Parliament, Heath op- ])osed her claim to the headship o> the English Church, and later refused to take the oath re- (juired by the Act of Supremacy. For this con- tumacy he was again deprived, of his sec (1659), inquisoncd for a short time in the Tower, and then permitted to retire, on the understanding that he was not to meddle with politics, profane or ecclesiastical, HEATH, Sir Robert (1575-1649). An Eng- li^h jurist, born at Brasted, in Kent, and edu- cated at Tunbridge and at Saint John's, Cam- bridge. He studied law, rose rapidly, became Solicitor-General in 1621, was knighted in the same year, and in Parliament (1624-25) showed himself a thorough Royalist, and was appointed Attorney-General as a reward for his services. In this office he was active and severe; he ar- rested in 1629 Holies, Eliot, Selden, and other members of the Commons, arguing that privilege did not protect after the close of a session, and carried their prosecution through successfully, and was equally strenuous and successful in his prosecutions Ijefore the Star Chamber. But there was a rumor that he was Puritan in secret, and he was removed without cause. But his loyalty did not waver; he accompanied the King to York in 1642, and later to France, where he died at Calais. Consult the autobiography in vol. i. of the Philohihlon Society Miscellany (New Y'ork, 1S61). HEATH, William (1737-1814). An Ameri- can soldier. He was born at Roxbury, Mass., and was brought up on a farm, upon which he lived up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary ^^'ar. He was a member of General Court of Massachusetts in 1701, entered enthusiastically into the political movement that culminated in the Revolution, and from 1771 to 1774 was a member of the committees of Safety and Cor- respondence. In the latter year he was elected to the Provincial Congress. His interest in the organization of the militia, of which he had made a special study, obtained for him in December, 1774, an appointment as a brigadier-general of militia, and as such he was present at the British retreat from Concord after the battle of April 19, 1775, Thei'eafter he was made major-general of militia, and on June 22, 1775. was commis- sioned by Congress a brigadier-general of the Continental troops. In March, 1776, he was ordered to New York; on August 9th was pro- moted major-general, and after the battle of 'hite Plains, in the" following October, was placed by Washington in command of the troops in the Hichlands. In 1777 he became commander of the Eastern Department, with headquarters at Boston, and in June, 1779. was transferred to the command of Hudson River posts, where, with the exception of his cooperation with the French in Rhode Island in 17S0, he remained until the close of the war. After the war he was a member of the Massachusetts Convention that ratified the Federal Constitution, was a State Senator in 1791-92. and was probate judge of Norfolk County in 1793. In 1800 he w,as elected Lieutenant-Governor of ^Massachusetts, but de- clined to serve. His Memoirs, which contain
