HECKEB. 709 HECLA. of Southern Germany with the bands of artisans which had come from France. Defeated at Ivan- dcrn, in Badeu, April 20, 1S4S, he lied into the Canton of Basel, where he conducted a radical newspaper, and wrote his work. Die 'olkserhe- bung in Baden. On being refused admission to the National Assembly at Frankfort, though twice elected to represent Thiengen, he emigrated to America, where he bought a farm at Belleville, 111. The Baden Revolution (1849) brought him back to Europe; but finding the revolution over on Ijis arrival, he returned to America. He was a colonel and brigadier-general in the Union Army during the Civil War. During his later years Hecker watched with interest the founding of the new German Empire, and was a standi supporter of German interests in America. He died at Saint Louis, March 24, 1881. His Redcn vnd Vorlesungen were published in Germany in 1872. and were followed two years later by Be- trachtungen Uber den Kirchenstrcit in Deutsch- hind und die InfaUibilitiit. HECKEB, Isaac Thomas (1819-88). An American priest of the Roman Catholic Church, founder of the Paulist Fathers. He was bom in New York City, and early in life engaged in busi- ness. In 1843 he was a member of the socialistic comnumity at Brook Farm, and later of that at Fruitlands, Slass. He also lived for some time with Henry D. Thoreau at the latter's 'Her- mitage.' In 1844 he was converted to the Roman Catholic faith, and five years later was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Wiseman. He joined the Redemptorists, but with others was released from his vows, and in 1858 founded the Congregation of Saint Paul the Apostle, or Paul- ists (q.v. ), in New York. Father Hecker was the founder and director of the Catholic Publica- tion Society, and also founded and edited from 1865 until" his death the Catholic Wmld. the chief popular Roman Catholic magazine in Ameri- ca. His writings also included: Qiiesticms of the Soul (1855) ; Aspirations of Kature (1857) ; and Catholicity in the United f^tatcn (1879). Consult Elliott, Life of Father HerAer(New York, 1891 ). The appearance of an abridged and incor- rect .anonvnnous French version (1807: fith ed. 1898) of Father Elliott's volume evoked an at- tack by Abbe Maignan. of the Congregation of Saint Vincent de Paul, in Le Pire Becker, est-il vn Saint? (1898). This was succeeded by the so- called "American' controversy, for the settlement of which Pope Leo XIII. in 1899 addressed an apostolical letter tc Cardinal Gibbons. For an account of the matter, consult Sedg^vick, Father Hecker (Boston, 1900). HECKER, JoHANN Julius (1707-68). A German educator, born at Werden. Prussia. At the command of Frederick IT. of Prussia, he drew up a system of regulations for the gnvern- nient of conmion schools, parts of which are still in force. Consult Fr. Ranke, Johann Julius Hecker (Berlin, 1861). HECKER, .Justus Priedrich Karl (1795- 1850). A German physician and writer of medi- cal history, bom in Erfurt, Prussian Saxony. He was professor of medicine in the I^niversity of Berlin, and wrote: Geschichte der Ueilknnde (1822-29) ; Der schirarze Tod im l.',. .Tahrhundert (]S.')2): Die Tanwut. cine Volkskrankheit im Mrttelalter (1832), translated into English by B. G. B.abington, under the title, "The Dancing Mania of the Middle Ages" (1875); Der eng- iibche Schioeiss. Ein drztlicher Beitrag sur Qe- schichte des IS. und Id. Jahrhundcrts (1834); Ueschichte der neuern Beilkunde ( 1839) ; Kinder- fahrten, eine historisch ■ pathologische Skizze (1845). HECK'EWEL'DER, John Gottlieb Ernes- TUS (1743-1823). ,
American pioneer mission-
ary and orator, born in Bedford, England. Ho settled in Pennsylvania in 1754, studied theology, and entered the Moravian ministry. In 1771 he became assistant to David Zeisberger (q.v.), who had charge of the missionary work of that Church among the Indians in the Ohio country, whither Heekewelder proceeded in that same year, la this service he remained for fifteen years. In 1792 and 1793 he assisted in drawing up treaties between the United States and the Indians, by whom he was greatly loved and trusted. He re- mained in Ohio until 1810, when he settled at Bethlehem, Pa., and engaged in writing the his- tory of his labors and observations. He published : An Account of the History, Manners, and Cus- toms of the hidian Kation.i Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring Htates ( 1818), a work of great value which was translated into both German and French; Narrative of the Mis- sion of the United Brethren Among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians (1820) ; Names Which the Lcntvi Lenape or Delaware Indians Give to Riv- ers, Streams, and Localities (1822). Consult Rondthaler, Life of Heekewelder (Philadelphia, 1847). HECKLE, HATCHEL, HETCHEL. A wooden frame studded with iron teeth used for separating the shine or boon of flax and hemp from the fibre; also the operation of cleaning the fibre with this tool. HECKMONDWIKE, hek'mond-wik'. A man- ufacturing town in the ^■cst Riding of Y'ork- shire, England. 10 miles southwest of Leeds (Map: England, E 3). It has coal-mines, iron- works, machine-shops, and is an important centre of carpet, blanket, and heavy woolen manufac- tures. The town has improved in recent years; has good drainage, an ample water-supply, and electric lighting. Population, in 1891, 9700; in 1901. 9460. HECKSCHER, hek'sher, Johann Gustav WiLiiELM MoRiTZ (1797-1865). A German poli- tician, born in Hamburg. He served during the War of 1815 as a volunteer in the Hanseatic Corps, and then studied at the universilies nf Giittingen and Heidelberg. Upon completing his studies he settled in Hamburg, where he prac- ticed law, and, after 1840. directed the politics of the Hamburger Naehrichten. In 1848 he was elected to the Vorparlament, in which he op- posed the propositions of the Democratic Party. In the National Assembly at Frankfort (1848- 49) he was at first a member of the Left Centre, but inclined more and more to identify himself with the Right. He advocated the election of Archduke John of Austria as Vicar of the Provisional Government, in which he himself was appointed Minister of .Tustice, ^d opposed the proposition to exclude .-ustria and erect a Ger- man empire with a Prussian King as hereditary Emperor. Later he helped to organize the Pan- German Party. HECliA, or HEK'LA. . volcano in Iceland, situated in the southwestern part of the island.
