HEEL-FLT. 714 HEFELE. HEEL-FLV. adults hover around the lioels of cattle for the purpose of laying their eggs on the liairs, whence they will be licked off. See BoT. HEEM, ham, Jan D,U'IDSZ DE (1606-84). The most celebrated painter of 'still life' that the Dutch School has produced. He was born at Utrecht, and studied under his father, a paint- er of still life. We know but little of his life. In 1620, and during the years following, he was active at Leyden, and in 1635 he became a mem- ber of the Painters' Guild of Antwerp. In 1667 he returned to Utrecht, but during the French invasion of 1672 he lied to Antwerp, remaining there until his death in 1684. Heeni's pictures represent for the most ])art splendid vases of fruits and flowers, musical instruments, and orna- ments of various kinds. His work was popular and connnanded high prices. His works are to be found in nearly all the principal galleries of Europe, especially in those of Holland, Belgium, nud Germany. They show exquisite coloring, unsurpassable chiaroscuro, faultless arrangement, and a fine observation of nature, which he imi- tates with microscopic fidelity. HEEMSKEBK, hams'kerk, or HEMSKIRK, Martin van (1498-1574). A Dutch painter, ■(hose name was Jlartin van Veen, but who was railed Heemskerk from the place of his birth. He studied under Scorel. from whom he got a liking for Italian art which he displayed, par- ticularly in his imitation of Michelangelo, whose works influenced him strongly when he saw them on his visit to Rome in 1532. Many of his pic- tures were destroyed by the Spaniards during the sack of Haarlem (1572). Among those still existing are: "Saint Luke Painting the Virgin" (15.32), "Adoration of the Shepherds," "The Brazen Serpent," "Last Judgment," and "Tri- umph of Silenus." HEEP, Uriah. A very "umble' person and a most egregious hypocrite in Dickens's David Cop- pcrfield. He is a clerk in Mr. Wickfield's law office, gains absolute ascendency over that benevo- lent but singularly weak character, and is pre- vented from ruining him only by being exposed by INlicawber. HEEE, har, Oswald (1809-83). A Swiss naturalist, born at Nieder-Utzwyl. He was direc- tor of the botanical gardens at Zurich (1835- 83), and also professor of botany at the univer- sity and at the Polytechnicura. His earliest publications were on entomology, but his most important contributions to science were his works en the fossil plants and insects of the Ter- tiary' period, notablv Flora Tertmria Eelvetias (18.54-56); Die Urwelt drr fichweiz (1865-79); ^lora Fossilis Helvetica (1877); Flora Fossilis Arrfim (186.5-83). Consult: .L T. Heer and Schrijter, Osioald Heer, Lehensbila mrs fichn-ei- ^rrixrhen Vntiirforschern (Zurich, 1885-87) ; and ^Malloizel. Omcold Heer. liibliographie et table uoiioflrnphique (Berlin, 1888). HEEREN", hii'rrn. Arnold Heriiann Ludwtg (1700-1842). An eminent German scholar, bom at Arbergen, near Bremen, where his father was at that time pastor, and educated at the cathe- dral school of Bremen, and at the University of Giittingen. His first published work was an edi- tion of iMenander's De Encomiis ( 1785) , and some- what later appeared the FclogcE I^ln/sicm et Ethicw of Stob«us (1792-1801). In collecting materials for the latter he visited Italy, the Netherlands, and France. In 1794 he was ap- pointed professor of philosoph5', and in 1801 pro- fessor of history at Guttingen. In 1793-96 ap- peared at Gottingen his Ideen iiber I'ulilik, den
erlcehr mid den Handel der vornehmsten Viilker
der alien ^yelt (4th ed. 1824-26). This work has secured him a place among the most eminent modern historians, and is still of much value. If his Geschirhte des i?t'i(diums der Klussischen Lifteratur xcit dem W iederaufleben der ^Yissen- sehaften (1797-1802) proved less satisfactoiy to scholars, his Gesrhichte der Staaten des Alter- tiims (5th ed. 1826) and his (leschichfe des eiiropuischen Staateiisystems und seiner Colonicn (4th ed. 1822) abounded in new views and acute expositions. For his Ter^tich einer Enticiclcelung der Folgen der Kreuzzilge (1808) he received the prize from the Institute of France. His Ver- mischfe Iristorisehe Sehriftcn (1803-08) contain some verj' interesting treatises. In 1821-26 he published an edition of all his historical works (Hisioriselie Werke) in fifteen volumes. HEEREN, Frierrich (1803-85). A German chemist, ncpliew of the historian Arnold Her- mann Ludwig Heeren, and born at Hamburg. Educated at Gottingen and Paris, he was for two years engaged with his brother in the manu- facture of stearin and whale-oil candles in Ham- burg, and in 1831 became professor of chemistry in the institute of technology at Hanover. He patented a machine for testing milk, wrote on chemical dyes, and published a Teehnisehes Wor- tcrbuch (with Karmarsch, 1841-44; revised by Kick and Gintl, 1874-92), a free translation of Ure's Dictionari/ of Arts, Maiinfaeltires, and Mines, aiul a standard work of reference. HEFELE, ha'fc-lc, Karl .Joseph von (1809- 93). A Roman Catholic bishop and sfholar. He was born at Unterkochen, not far from Stuttgart, Wiirttemberg. JIarch 15. 1809; graduated at Tubingen, and in 1840 received a professorship in the Catholic theological faculty, where he lec- tured on Church history. Christian archseology, and. patrology. From 1842 to 1845 he was a member of the Wiirttcmberg Chamber of Depu- ties. He was consecrated Bishop of Rottenourg in 1869, and took a prominent part in the Vati- can Council, where he was foremost among those who spoke and voted against the dogma of Papal infallibility. At first he refused to proclaim it in his diocese, but on April 21, 1871, did so, and in 1872 gave his public assent to it. In 1874 he declined the Archliishopric of Freiburg offered to him by the Baden Government, on the ground that he could not take the oath which was de- manded from the bishops in Priissi.a and Baden. His most important work, based on the study of original materials, is the Ooneiliengesehiehte, a history of the councils of all grades, in nine vol- umes. Hefele's part of the work extends to the Council of Florence, but with Hergenriither's appendix, the work goes to Trent. The Eng- lish translation (Edinburgh. 1871-96, 5 vols.), goes as far as 738. Hefele's Life of Ximenes
