HELLQUIST. 742 HELM. HELLQUIST, hol'kvlst, Carl Gustaf (1851- 90). A Swedish historical painter, born in Kiing- siir. He was a pupil of the Stockholm Academy, and studied under Lefebvre in Paris. He be- came professor at the Berlin Academy in 1886, and afterwards lived in Munich. His mannered historical pictures are usually of scenes from Swedish history. They include: "Disgraceful Entry of Sumanvader into Stockholm, 152U (1878); "Sack of Wisbv bv Waldemar IV., 1301" (1882). both in National Museum, Stock- holm; "The Death of Sten Sture" (1879) ; "The Embarkment of the Body of Gustayus Adolphus" (1SS.5) : and "Huss Going to the Stake" (1887). HELLRIEGEL, hel'rj-gel, Hermaxn (1831- 95). A noted German agricultural chemist, born at Mausitz, in Sa.vony. In 1857 he became di- rector of the agricultural experiment station of Brandenburg and Niederlausitz at Dahme, from ^vhich he resigned in 1873, and in 1882 accepted a similar post at Bernberg. where he died. From 1873 to 1882 he was wanderlehrer at Bernberg. Among his many agricultural investigations with plants none rank in importance with his demon- stration of the ability of leguminous plants to assimilate the free nitrogen of the air, and his discovery of the tubercles on the roots as the agency through which this takes place. The q^uestion of the ability of leguminous plants to use the nitrogen of the air had long been one of inquiry, and its settlement by him marked an epoch in the agricultural world. The important parts of these experiments he published in Unter- suchungen iihcr die Stickstoffnahrung der Gra- ■mineen und Legvminosen (Berlin, 1888), and Veher Stickntoffiiah rung laiidwirtschaftlicher Kulturgewiichse (Vienna, 1890). See Legumi- NOS.E. Consult Romer, Hermann Hellriegel, yachrnf (Leipzig, 1896). HELLWALD, hel'viilt, Ferdinand von ( 1843- 84). An Austrian historian of literature, born in Vienna. In 1862 he was employed in the Impe- rial Library there, studied the North Germanic dialects and literatures, and was sent to the Netherlands by the library. He published ( 186C) the Voyage au Maroc 16'i0-!il by the painter .Adrian Mathan, and (1873) the second part of Spieghel historiael by .Jakob von JIaerlant, "which he discovered in the library at Vienna, and other valuable works. His own writings are: Vliimisches Leben, Gesehichten und Bilder (1867); GescJiieltte des holliitidischen Theaters (1874): and Gesehichte der niederltcindisehen Litteralur, completed and edited bv Schneider (1887). HELLWALD, Feiedrich VON (1842-92). An Austrian writer on geography and the his- tory of civilization: brother of Ferdinand von Hellwald, and born at Padua. He entered the Austrian Army in 1858, and was lieutenant of cavalry (1866) in the war with Prussia: from 1871 to 1873 at Augsburg, then till 1882 at Cannstatt, he was editor of Das Ausland. His many works, which are more popular than scien- tific, include: 3la,TimiIian /., Kaiser von Mexiko (1869); EuJturgescIiichte in Hirer natiirlichen Enticieklung his zur Gegenicarf I ith ed. 1896- 98) ; Die Erde und ilire'Volker (4th ed. 1897) ; 'Natvrgeschiehte des 3fenschen (1883-84) : Aineri- ka in Wort ntid Bild (1883-85) ; Frankreich in Wort iind Bild (1884-87) ; Die men^chliche Fa- milie nach Hirer Entstehung und natiirlichen Enticicklung (1889) ; and the posthumous work, edited by MuUer, KuUurbilder (1894). HELM (AS. helma, Icel. hjalma, helm). The steering apparatus of a vessel. It consists of a rudder and tiller, and, in ships, of a steering w heel supplemented in large vessels by a steering engine. The rudder, which may be of either iron or wood, is the part of the apparatus which is in the water. Its shape is variable, but is usually nearly that of a rectangle, with rounded corners, and in old ships slopes upward at the top from the after edge toward the rudder-post, to which it is ordinarily pivoted along the forward edge. In many modern ships the rudder is more or less perfectly balanced as to pressure by having the rudder post or pivot nearly in the centre (but always somewhat nearer the forward edge) ; this reduces the power necessary to put it over and keep it there. The rudder is supported by pintles or arms bent at right angles and projecting from the rudder-post : by a skeg or shoe at the heel: and by a collar around the rudder-head. The tiller is the lever which works the rudder. It either passes through a slot in the rudder- head or fits over it, and consists of a straight bar of wood or steel ; or in some ships it is re- placed by a quadrant, which consists of a sector of a circle secured to its centre, which is the rudder post or head, and having chains attached to its corners and passing around its surface before leading to the wheel or engine. The irheel consists of one or more wheels, with eight to si.xteen spokes projecting through the rims to form handles, and a barrel or axle around which the wheel-roiX'S are woimd. One wheel-rope winds around its forward end in one direction and the other around the after end in the opposite direc- tion ; so that one unwinds as the other winds up, when the helm is put over to one side. When steering engines are used, the rudder and tiller are large, or when it is desired to effect quick working of the rudder by affording extra [lower. The engines are operated by electric gear in the pilot-house or on the bridge, or by means of small wire ropes leading from the valve-gear of the engine to a wheel located in those places. In steering, the terms used to designate the position of the rudder, except in Germany, refer to the placing of the tiller. Thus, when the helm is a-port the tiller is pressed over toward the port side of the .ship ; similarly, we have the helm amidships and a-start)oard : the helm is a-lee when the tiller is pressed over to the lee side, that is, the side away from the wind ; the helm is a-ueather when over toward the other side, and it is hard a-port, hard a-starboard, hard a-lee, etc., when it is pressed as far over as it will go in that direction. To right the helm is to put the tiller amidships ; to shift it is to put it from one side to the other. To ease the helm is to let the tiller cojne more nearly amidships so as to ease the strain on the tiller. When a vessel is turning under control of the rudder, to meet her with the helm is to shift the helm and prevent her from turning any farther. Xothing to starboard (or port) is a direction to the helmsman cautioning him to steer as good a course as possible, but in any case not to run to starboard (or port) of the desired cour.se. HEI.M.SMAN. In large ships without steering engines two or more men are necessarily stationed at the wheel: in sailing ships the man on the weather side is the helmsman, and the others
