HELSINGBOEG. 747 HELVETII. erals, gun-metal, and fertilizers. It has consid- oralile manufactures of suj^ar. chemicals, and madiinery. and ha.s a slaughter-house and ship- building yards. Population, in 1001. 24,()70. Helsinghorg has played a prominent part in the iSean<linavian wars. It was almost destroyed in the war between Sweden and Denmark during the reign of Charles XI.. and was the scene of a Danish defeat at the hands of Swedish peasants in 1710. HELSINGFORS, hel'sing-fors. The capital of the tirand Duchy of Finland, as well as of the Government of Nyland (Map: Russia, 13 2). It is beautifully situated on a peninsula on the Gulf of Finland, I'Jl miles west of Saint Peters- burg by sea. The entrance to the harbor is pro- tected by a series of formidable batteries, called the fortifications of Sveaborg. and consisting of seven strongly fortified islands and numerous islets, while the harbor itself is further defended by two forts. Helsingfors is next in importance to Cronstadt as a naval station on the Baltic, and the largest and handsomest town of Finland. Its streets are broad and regular, and there are a number o^ handsome squares. Of the public buildings, the most prominent are the residence of the Governor, the ,Senate House, the university buildings, the Lutheran Church of Saint Nicholas, the Russian Church (completed in 1808), the Athena-um (built in 1887), with a picture gal- lery, and the new theatre. The university, orig- inally founded at AI)o in 1G40, and removed to Helsingfors in 1820, comprises four fticulties, with over 2500 students, a librars' of 100,000 vol- umes, a hospital, a zoi'Jlogical and botanical mu- seum, a botanic garden, and a valuable observa- tory. Another prominent educational institution is the Polytechnical Institute. Helsingfors is the seat of many learned societies. Since 1840 Hel- singfors has been a favorite bathing-place, and attracts many visitors from Saint Petersburg during summer. The town carries on a consider- able trade in agricultural and dairy products with Saint Petersburg, England, and Swedi-sh and German ports. It has manufactures of beer, sugar, tobacco, liquors, carpets, linen, etc. Hel- singfors is the seat of the Governor-General of Finland, the Finnish Diet, and numerous consular representatives, including one from the United States. Population, in 1900, 9.3,217. of whom over 50 per cent, are Swedes, nearly 4.3 per cent. Finns, and the rest Russians and Germans. Helsingfors was founded by Gustavus I. of Sweden in the middle of the sixteenth century, a short distance inland; it was removed to its present site in 1642. It was fortified in 1729, and came into the possession of Russia in 1800. In 1812 it became the capital of Finland. During the Crimean War it was bombarded for two days and nights by the allied fleet without any ap- preciable injury to its fortifications. HELSINGOR, hel'sing-er. A seaport of Zea- land, Denmark. See Elsinobe. HELST, heist. Babthoi.omeus van der (c.1611-70). A Dutch portrait painter. His birthplace is uncertain, being assigned to Haar- lem and to Dordrecht, and the year of his birth falls between Ifill and 1014. He is reputed to have been a pupil of Frans Hals (q.v. ) at Haar- lem, and a few of his works, indeed, .show this influence. But his art on the whole was directly the opposite of Hals's. and he was more influenced Vol. IX.— 48. by his other master, Nieolaes Elias of Amster- dam. The researches of Scheltema show that he was living in Amsterdam in lO;!!!, and jirobably much earlier. Then^ he married (he attractive Constantia Reinst, and in 10r)4, in conjunction with Nieolaes de Hell .Slokade, he founded the Painters' (Juild of Saint Luke. He died at Am- sterdam, December 10, 1070. His best-known work is the "Banquet of the Civic Guard," now in the JIuseum of Amster- dam, which was painted to represent the celebra- tion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1048. It con- tains twenty-four full-lengtli [)ortraits, character- istic, well modeled, and rich in color. In the same museum are the "Syndics of the Brother- hood of Saint Sebastian" (100:3). of wliii-h there is a replica in the Louvre: the four "Syndics of the Marksmen;" the "Company of Captain Rog- lofT Bicker" (1030), thirty-two figures in all; the portraits of the Princess Maria Henrietta Stuart, Burgomaster Andries Bicker, Admirals Kortenaar, Van Ness, and others. Among his other portraits are those of a "Protestant Dame" (IG38), and of Paul Potter, at The Hague; a "Lady in Blue," in the National Gnllen,' of Lon- don : Admiral Van Tromp, at Munich ; and the portrait of the artist in the Ullizi, Florence. In America there are portraits of an "Unknown Lady." in the New York Historical Society, anil of a "Dutch Burgomaster," in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. The heads of Heist's por- traits are well characterized, and all the details, esiiecially the hands, are carefully carried out, though without sacrifice of breadth. His color is clear and powerful. HEL'STON, DoCTOB Matthewson. The rec- tor of Briarfield, in Charlotte Bronte's novel Shirht/, the uncle of Caroline, and a man of im- perious temper though upright principles. The character was suggested in part by Patrick Bronte, the author's father, and in part by a friend of his, Mr. Roberson, Vicar of Heckmond- wike. HEL'VE'DITJS. The nom-dc-plume signed by James Madison to his five essays, published in various public journals (1793-00). criticising the foreign policy of the Administration, and re- plying to the letters of Hamilton, signed 'Pa- cificus.' HELVELLYN, hel-vel'in. One of the highest mountains in England, 3118 feet high, in the Lake District, Cumberland, between Keswick and Ambleside (ilap: England, C 2). HELVET'IC CONFESSIONS. See Creeds AND COXFES.SIO.NW. HELVETIC REPUBLIC. See Switzerland. HELVE'TII (Celtic, possibly connected with Welsh ehc, gain). A Celtic people inhabiting, according to CiPsar, the region between the .Tura Mountains on the west, the Rhone on the south, and the Rhine on the east and north, the region corresponding closely with the western part of modern Switzerland. They are first mentioned as defeating a Roman army in n.r. 107, and in 101 they accompanied the Cimbri on their inva- sion of North Italy. The great event in their history is their attempted irruption into Gaul, in which they were repulsed hv C;rsar. They collected three months' provisions, burned 12 cities. 400 villages, and all isolated dwellings, and made a general rendezvous by Lake Lenian,
